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Ivan mai ban tsoro

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Ivan IV Vasilyevich ( Russian:  ; [lower-alpha 1] 25 August [  – 28 March [ ), wanda aka fi sani da Ivan the Terrible, [lower-alpha 2] shine Babban Yarima na Moscow da dukkan Rasha daga 1533 zuwa 1547, kuma Sarki na farko kuma Babban Yarima na dukkan Rasha daga 1547 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1584. [3] Mulkin Ivan ya kasance yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauyen da Rasha ta yi daga wata ƙasa ta tsakiya zuwa wata daular da ta fara, amma hakan ya jawo babban koma baya ga mutanenta da tattalin arzikinta na dogon lokaci.

Ivan na Huɗu shine ɗan fari na Vasili na Uku ta matarsa ta biyu Elena Glinskaya, kuma jikan Ivan na Uku . Ya gaji mahaifinsa bayan rasuwarsa, yana ɗan shekara uku. Wata ƙungiyar masu gyara ta haɗu a kusa da matashin Ivan, inda suka naɗa shi sarki a shekara ta 1547 yana ɗan shekara 16. A farkon shekarun mulkinsa, Ivan ya yi mulki tare da ƙungiyar masu gyara da aka sani da Majalisar Zaɓaɓɓu kuma ya kafa Zemsky Sobor, wani sabon taro da sarki ya shirya. Ya kuma sake duba dokokin shari'a kuma ya gabatar da gyare-gyare, gami da ɓangarorin gwamnatin kai na gida, da kuma kafa rundunar soja ta farko ta Rasha, streltsy . Ivan ya ci nasara a kan khanates na Kazan da Astrakhan, inda ya kawo tsawon kogin Volga ƙarƙashin ikon Rasha.

Bayan ya ƙara ƙarfin ikonsa, Ivan ya kawar da masu ba shi shawara daga Majalisar Zaɓe, kuma a ƙoƙarinsa na kafa sansani a Tekun Baltic, ya haifar da Yaƙin Livonian na 1558 zuwa 1583, wanda ya lalata Rasha kuma ya haifar da gazawar karɓar iko a kan Livonia da kuma asarar Ingria, amma ya ba shi damar kafa iko mai ƙarfi kan manyan sarakunan Rasha, wanda ya tsarkake ta hanyar amfani da 'yan sandan siyasa na farko na Rasha, oprichniki . Shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin Ivan sun kasance tare da kisan gillar da oprichniki ya yi wa Novgorod da kuma ƙone Moscow da Tatars suka yi. Ivan ya kuma bi diddigin ci gaban al'adu, kamar shigo da injin buga littattafai na farko zuwa Rasha, kuma ya fara wasu tsare-tsare da za su ci gaba tsawon ƙarni, gami da zurfafa alaƙa da sauran ƙasashen Turai, musamman Ingila, yaƙi da Daular Ottoman, da kuma cin nasarar Siberia .

Majiyoyin zamani suna gabatar da labarai daban-daban game da halayen Ivan masu rikitarwa. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai hankali da ibada, amma kuma yana iya fuskantar tashin hankali, fushi, da barkewar rikice-rikice na rashin kwanciyar hankali na hankali wanda ke ta'azzara yayin tsufa. [4] [5] Masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yi imani da cewa cikin fushi, ya kashe babban ɗansa kuma magajinsa, Ivan Ivanovich ; [6] wataƙila shi ma ya haifar da zubar da cikin ɗan nasa da ba a haifa ba. Wannan ya bar ƙaramin ɗansa, Feodor Ivanovich, wanda ba shi da tasiri a siyasance, ya gaji gadon sarauta, mutumin da mulkinsa da mutuwarsa daga baya ta kai ga ƙarshen daular Rurik da farkon Lokacin Matsaloli .

Alamar yabo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar Turanci mai ban tsoro galibi ana amfani da ita ne don fassara kalmar Rashanci grozny ( грозный ) a cikin laƙabin Ivan, amma wannan fassarar ta ɗan tsufa ce. Kalmar Rashanci grozny tana nuna tsohuwar amfani da Turanci na mugunta kamar a cikin "tsoro mai ban tsoro ko tsoro; haɗari; mai ƙarfi" (watau, kama da Ingilishi na zamani mai ban tsoro ko mai ban tsoro ). Ba ya nuna ma'anoni na zamani na mummunan Ingilishi kamar "ɓataccen" ko "mugunta". A cewar Edward L. Keenan, hoton Ivan the Terrible a cikin al'adun jama'a a matsayin azzalumi ya fito ne daga littattafan tafiye-tafiye na Yamma da aka siyasantar da su na zamanin Renaissance . [7] Farfagandar kin jinin Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Livonian ta nuna Ivan a matsayin mai wulaƙanci da kuma mai mulkin gabas. [3] Vladimir Dal ya bayyana grozny musamman a cikin amfani da tsohon kuma a matsayin laƙabi ga tsars: "mai ƙarfin hali, mai girma, mai sihiri da kuma kiyaye maƙiya cikin tsoro, amma mutane suna biyayya". Wasu fassarori kuma masana na zamani sun ba da shawarar, gami da masu ƙarfi, [8] [9] [10] da kuma masu ban mamaki . [3]

Rayuwar farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ivan yana zaune a kan karagar mulki, ƙaramin abu daga cikin Tarihin Ivan the Terrible
Ivan ya naɗa sarki

Ivan Vasilyevich shine ɗan fari na Vasili III da matarsa ta biyu, Elena Glinskaya . Mahaifiyar Vasili, Sophia Palaiologina, gimbiya ce ta Byzantine daga dangin Palaiologos . Ita 'yar Thomas Palaiologos ce, ƙane ga sarkin Byzantine na ƙarshe, Constantine XI Palaiologos ( r. 1449–1453 ). Mahaifiyar Elena gimbiya ce ta Serbia kuma dangin mahaifinta, kabilar Tatar Glinski (manyan mutane da ke zaune a Grand Duchy na Lithuania ), sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun fito ne daga manyan mutanen Hungary na Orthodox da kuma sarkin Mongol Mamai (1335–1380). [11] An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta, ya sami sunan Ivan don girmama St. John the Baptist, ranar da aka yanke masa kai a ranar 29 ga Agusta. A wasu rubuce-rubuce na wannan zamanin, ana kuma ambatonsa lokaci-lokaci tare da sunayen Titus da Smaragd, bisa ga al'adar yin suna tsakanin Rurikids . An yi masa baftisma a cikin Trinity Lavra na St. Sergius ta Abbot Joasaph (Skripitsyn) kuma an zaɓi dattawa biyu na gidan sufi na Joseph-Volokolamsk a matsayin waɗanda za su karɓa - malamin addini Cassian Bossoy da kuma mai mulkin Daniel. Al'ada ta ce domin girmama haihuwar Ivan, an gina Cocin Hawan Sama a Kolomenskoye . [12] [13]


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  1. ↑ "Иван Васильевич Грозный". www.hrono.ru. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  2. ↑ ""Иван Грозный — первый русский модернист"". Год Литературы (in Rashanci). Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Halperin, Charles J. (13 January 2014). "Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Russia". doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0099. ISBN 978-0-19-539930-1.
  4. ↑ Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007) Russian Architecture and the West. Yale University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0300109121.
  5. ↑ Del Testa, David W. (2001) Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. ISBN 1573561533
  6. ↑ Perrie & Pavlov 2014.
  7. ↑ Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007) Russian Architecture and the West. Yale University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0300109121.
  8. ↑ Del Testa, David W. (2001) Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. ISBN 1573561533
  9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ McConnell, Frank D. (1979). Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502572-5; p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, 'Ivan the Magnificent' or 'Ivan the Great' is precisely a man who has become a legend".
  11. ↑ Madariaga 2006.
  12. ↑ Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007) Russian Architecture and the West. Yale University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0300109121.
  13. ↑ Yanov, p. 208
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