Iyaye

Iyaye
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	aiki, harkar zamantakewa da hierarchy (en)

Yaro yana sanye da rigar yarokayan haɗi na yara

Paternalism wani aiki ne wanda ke iyakance 'yancin mutum ko rukuni ko ikon cin gashin kansa ba tare da son zuciyarsu ba kuma an yi niyyar inganta amfanin kansu. An kare shi a wurare daban-daban a matsayin hanyar kare mutane daga mummunar lahani, tallafawa ikon cin gashin kai na dogon lokaci, ko inganta halin kirki ko lafiyar hankali. Irin waɗannan hujjoji ana samun su a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ka'idar shari'a, ɗabi'ar kiwon lafiya, da tattalin arzikin halayyar, inda ake kallon iyakantaccen shiga tsakani a matsayin mai jituwa ko ma mai tallafawa hukumar mutum.

Wasu, kamar John Stuart Mill, suna tunanin iyaye na iya zama daidai ga yara, suna cewa:

"It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine [i.e. that individual liberty should only be restricted to protect a person or to protect others] is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties. We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood."

Paternalism ga manya wani lokacin ana nuna su kamar yadda suke bi da su kamar yara ne.

Wasu masu sukar suna jayayya cewa irin wannan tsoma baki na iya keta ikon cin gashin kai kuma yana nuna rashin isasshen girmamawa ga ikon mutum na ƙaddamar da kansa. Kalmomin 'paternalism', 'paternalistic', da 'paternalist' ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta, musamman a cikin siyasa ko magana ta zamantakewa.

Magana

Kalmar uba ta samo asali ne daga sifa na uba, wanda ya shiga yaren Ingilishi a karni na sha biyar daga tsohuwar kakannin Faransanci (cf. uban tsohon Occitan, kamar yadda yake a cikin Catalan, Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal), ita kanta daga paternalis na Latin na Medieval.[1] Kwatankwacin Latin na gargajiya shine paternus 'mahaifi', daga uba 'uba'.[2]

Nau'o'in

 

Mai taushi da wuya

Paternalism mai laushi shine ra'ayin cewa paternalism ya cancanci ne kawai idan wani mataki da za a yi ba da gangan ba ne. John Stuart Mill ya ba da misalin mutumin da ke shirin tafiya a kan gadar da ta lalace. Saboda mutumin bai san gadar ta lalace ba kuma babu lokacin da za a gargadi shi, kama shi kuma juya shi baya ba keta 'yancinsa ba ne. Bisa ga paternalism mai laushi, mutum zai zama daidai da tilasta masa kada ya haye gadar don mutum ya iya gano ko ya san game da lalacewar. Idan ya san kuma yana so ya tsallake daga gadar ya kashe kansa, to ya kamata mutum ya bar shi ya yi. Mai laushi paternalism shine shiga tsakani saboda mutum ba shi da hankali ko ikon yin yanke shawara. Idan mai haƙuri a cikin dakin gaggawa ya bugu ko kuma bai san komai ba, ba su da hankali ko ikon yin yanke shawara ga kansu kuma duk wani yanke shawara da aka yi a madadin su zai zama mai tausayi.

Masu tsananin iyaye sun ce aƙalla wani lokacin mutum yana da damar hana shi tsallaka gadar kuma ya kashe kansa. Tsayayyar iyaye ba ta dogara da rashin hankali ko iyawa. A cikin misalin dakin gaggawa, mai haƙuri yana da hankali ko kuma yana da hankali kuma yana da ikon yin yanke shawara game da kula da su. Duk wani yanke shawara da aka yi a madadin su zai zama mai wahala.

Har ila yau, akwai tambaya game da idan tsawon rashin iyawa yana taka rawa a cikin izinin iyaye. Yana da alama a bayyane cewa idan mutum ba shi da ƙwarewa har abada don yin nasa yanke shawara, iyaye suna da izini, amma idan rashin ƙwarewa na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, amsar ba ta da tabbas.

Abubuwa masu tsabta da marasa tsabta

Tsarkake iyaye shine iyaye inda mutanen da aka karɓi 'yancin su ko ikon cin gashin kansu su ne waɗanda ake karewa. Tsarkakewar iyaye yana faruwa ne lokacin da ajin mutanen da aka keta 'yancin su ko ikon cin gashin kansu ta wasu ma'auni ya fi girma fiye da ƙungiyar mutanen da aka kare.

Ɗabi'a da jin daɗi

Ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a ita ce inda aka ba da izini ga ɗabi'ar mutum (s) ko da yake jin daɗin su ba zai inganta ba. Misali, ana iya jayayya cewa ya kamata a hana wani karuwanci ko da sun yi rayuwa mai kyau daga ciki kuma an kare lafiyarsu. Wani mai kula da halin kirki zai yi jayayya cewa yana da ɗabi'a, la'akari da cewa sun yi imanin karuwanci ya lalata ɗabi'ar mutum.

Ka'idoji don ingantaccen iyaye

Thomas Pogge ya yi jayayya cewa akwai ka'idoji da yawa don iyaye.

• Ya kamata ra'ayin ya yi aiki a cikin ci gaban ɗan adam. Abubuwan da aka yarda da su gabaɗaya kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tufafi, mafaka, wasu 'yanci na asali na iya karɓa ta hanyar addinai da zamantakewa.
• Ya kamata ka'idojin su kasance masu saurin shiga tsakani.
• Bai kamata a fahimci bukatun ka'idojin ba a matsayin cikakke, yana barin al'ummomi damar canza ka'idoji bisa ga bukatun su.
• Dole ne a ba da izinin ƙarin la'akari da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin adalci masu ban sha'awa don su wuce la'akari mai sauƙi. [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani]

Masu adawa

A cikin litattafansa guda biyu na Gwamnati, John Locke ya yi jayayya (a kan Robert Filmer) cewa ikon siyasa da na uba ba iri ɗaya ba ne.

John Stuart Mill yana adawa da halin iyaye na jihar a kan dalilin da ya sa mutane sun san nasu kyau fiye da yadda jihar ke yi, cewa daidaito na ɗabi'a na mutane yana buƙatar girmama 'yancin wasu, kuma cewa halin iyaye yana rushe ci gaban halin mai zaman kansa. A cikin On Liberty, ya rubuta cewa:

[T]he only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right.

Mill, duk da haka, ya yi watsi da bincikensa idan ya zo ga batutuwan mulkin mallaka. A cikin On Liberty, ya rubuta cewa:

Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury. For the same reason, we may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them; and a ruler full of the spirit of improvement is warranted in the use of any expedients that will attain an end, perhaps otherwise unattainable. Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement, and the means justified by actually effecting that end.

Mill da ke sama ya bayyana cewa barbarians suna bukatar iyaye. Amma ya bayyana zalunci a cikin tarihi, a cikin ƙasa, da kuma tattalin arziki har ya bayyana ya dace don bayyana mutanen da yake so ya bayyana kamar haka.

Contemporary opponents of paternalism often appeal to the ideal of personal autonomy.

A cikin al'umma

• Dokokin da ake tilasta wa mutum ya yi amfani da shi don kada ya sa belin don kare mutane daga mummunan rauni ko mutuwa. Ana tallafawa irin waɗannan dokoki ne saboda sau da yawa mutane ba tare da ma'ana ba suna rage lahani na gaba, kuma shiga tsakani na jihar na iya zama don adana duka jin daɗi da ikon cin gashin kai na dogon lokaci.

• A Kudancin Amurka kafin Yaƙin basasa, iyaye shine ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da halattaccen Bautar. Mata za su gabatar da kansu a matsayin uwaye ga bayi, ko masu karewa waɗanda suka ba da fa'idodi da bayi ba za su samu da kansu ba. Ma'aikatan shuka za su yi ƙoƙari su waye ma'aikatansu ta hanyar samar da abinci, mafaka, da ƙauna. Wadannan mata za su tabbatar da cewa yanayin ga 'yan baƙi sun fi talauci fiye da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kariya ta mata. An yi amfani da Paternalism a matsayin gardama game da 'yancin bautar saboda waɗannan masoya suna ba da yanayin rayuwa mafi kyau fiye da takwaransa na bawa a arewacin masana'anta. A sakamakon wannan kammalawa, fararen sau da yawa za su gudanar da hakkoki na asali na bayi, kamar su kiwon yara da dukiya.
• Iyaye na likita shine watakila mafi yawan nau'in iyaye a cikin al'umma. Iyaye suna yanke shawara ga yaransu saboda ba su da hankali ko ikon yin nasu yanke shawara na likita. Idan mutum bai san komai ba, ikon lauyan su zai yanke musu shawarar kiwon lafiya. Dukansu misalai ne na paternalism mai laushi, amma misali na paternism mai wuya a magani shine damar warkarwa, musamman idan an yi la'akari da mai haƙuri a baya.  
• Matakan yaki da kashe kansa sun soke shawarar mutum na kawo karshen rayuwarsu don hana cutar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba. Ana kare waɗannan tsoma baki bisa ga cewa mutanen da ke fuskantar ra'ayin kashe kansu na iya yin aiki a ƙarƙashin hukunci mara kyau ko damuwa ta wucin gadi, kuma wannan shiga tsakani na iya kiyaye rayuwa kuma ya ba da damar maido da ikon cin gashin kai.
• Hana yin iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku na jama'a ba tare da masu tsaron rai ba ya hana mutane shiga cikin halayyar haɗari koda kuwa suna sane da haɗarin kuma suna son karɓar su. Irin waɗannan manufofi suna da hujja a kan dalilin hana mummunar lahani.

Iyaye da bautar

Tunanin iyaye ya yi aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na tabbatarwa a lokacin zamanin bautar, kuma manufar ta inganta kafa bautar. Masters, wadanda suka kasance masu mallakar bayi, sun yi imanin kansu cewa manufar paternalism na iya tabbatar da laifuffukansu kamar cinikin bayi da azabtar da bayinsu. Maigidan sun yi imanin cewa suna taimakawa da kuma ceto bayi daga yanayin talauci; saboda haka, iyayengiji sun yi imani da kansu a matsayin iyaye ko mai ceton bayinsu. Masters sun yi amfani da manufar paternalism don nuna cewa halayensu ba daidai ba ne ko rashin ɗabi'a. Ba kawai daga iyayengiji ba, amma bayi sun kuma yi amfani da manufar iyaye don amfanin kansu. Misali, bayi sun yi imanin cewa bautar za ta fi 'yanci kyau. Bayin sun yi imanin cewa za a bi da su da kyau muddin sun gina kyakkyawar dangantaka da iyayengijinsu. Bayin kuma sun yi imanin cewa za su iya samun bukatun ɗan adam na asali kamar abinci daga iyayensu. Don haka, manufar iyaye ga bayi shine kayan aikin da ya sa bayi su ji daɗi da 'yanci. Walter Johnson ya gabatar da ra'ayi na paternalism a cikin Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market wanda ya ambaci "Slave-market paternalism don haka ya sake maimaita makircin farfaganda da fiction: bawa mai kirki a gefen maigidan mai mutuwa; bawa wanda za'a iya amincewa da shi ya mallaki kansa; mai bautar ceton shiga tsakani a rayuwar bawa mara kyau". Kodayake bayi na iya amfana daga manufar iyaye ta hanyar karɓar abinci mai yawa da kulawa ta kiwon lafiya, manufar ba za ta iya tabbatar da kafa bautar ba. Wasu 'yanci [waɗanda?] suna la'akari da iyaye, musamman idan jihar ta tilasta, a matsayin wani nau'i na bautar zamani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] 

Dubi kuma

• Girma
• Mai mulkin mallaka
• Caciquism
• Cryptofascism
• 'Yancin 'yanci
• Maƙaryaci Mai Kyau
• Ka'idar Nudge
• Rashin fahimta
• Tsattsauran ra'ayi na iyaye
• Sarauta bisa ga doka mafi girma
• Tsattsauran ra'ayi na zamantakewa

Ƙarin karantawa

• Mill da Paternalism, na Gregory Claeys. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139028011
• Ƙididdigar Hanci da Hanci na Dragon: Ma'anar Hard Paternalism ta Thaddeus Mason Paparoma . Daga 20 Georgia State University Law Review 659-722 (2004)
• Monstrous Impersonation: Wani zargi na Bayyanawa da ke da alaƙa da yardar rai don Hard Paternalism na Thaddeus Mason Paparoma. Daga 73 UMKC Law Review 681-713 (2005)
• Shin Tsaro na Lafiyar Jama'a da gaske Ba a Gaskiya ba? Amsa ga Joel Feinberg ta Thaddeus Mason Paparoma. Daga 30 Oklahoma City University Law Review 121-207 (2005)
• Paternalism, na Peter Suber. Daga Falsafar Shari'a: Encyclopedia, wanda Christopher Berry Gray ya shirya, Garland Pub. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] II, shafuffuka na 632-635 
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