Izumo no Okuni
 Izumo no Okuni | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Kituski (en)  , 1572 |
| ƙasa | Japan |
| Mutuwa | Japan, unknown value |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
kabuki actor (en) |
Izumo no Okuni (出雲 阿国, an haife shi a shekara ta 1578; ya mutu a shekara ta 1613) ya kasance mai nishadantarwa da Jafananci kuma budurwa mai tsarki wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya kirkiro fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ta kabuki . An yi tunanin cewa ta fara yin sabon salon fasahar kabuki (lit. '') gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Kogin Kamo a Kyoto. Kungiyar Okuni da sauri ta sami karbuwa sosai, kuma an san su da masu wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda galibi mata ne masu ƙarancin matsayi da Okuni ta dauka don yin aiki a cikin ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta mata.
An san cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarta; an haife ta a kusa da Lardin Izumo, Okuni ta yi aiki a matsayin miko (mace mai tsarki) na shekaru da yawa a Izumo-taisha (Babban Masallacin Izumo) har sai ta sami shahara saboda wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, wanda masu kallo suka ba da sunan kabuki. Okuni ta ci gaba da yin kabuki tare da ƙungiyarta har sai da ta yi ritaya kuma ta ɓace a wani lokaci a kusa da 1610. An yi imanin cewa ta mutu a wani lokaci a kusa da 1613.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haife ta a shekara ta , Okuni ta girma a kusa da masallacin Izumo, inda mahaifinta, Nakamura Sanemon, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci, kuma inda wasu 'yan uwa da yawa suka yi aiki. Daga bisani Okuni ta shiga a matsayin miko (mace mai tsarki), inda aka san ta da kwarewarta a rawa da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma kyakkyawa.[1] Kamar yadda al'ada ce ta lokacin aika firistoci, miko da sauransu don neman gudummawa ga masallacin, an aika ta zuwa Kyoto don yin rawa da waƙoƙi masu tsarki.[1]
A lokacin wasan kwaikwayonta a Kyoto ne ta kuma zama sananne saboda wasan kwaikwayo na nembutsu odori (ko rawa nembutsu ) don girmama Amida Buddha . Ko da yake wannan rawa ta samo asali ne daga Kūya, mai bishara a ƙarni na 10 na addinin Buddah mai tsarki na ƙasa, a lokacin Okuni ta zama raye-rayen jama'a da ba na duniya ba, kuma yadda ta dace da ita ta kasance sananne ne don jin daɗi da jin daɗin jima'i . [2] Sauran fitattun jigogi na ayyukan Okuni sun haɗa da zane-zane na ban dariya game da jarabawar masoya a wurare daban-daban na jama'a da tarurruka tsakanin maza da karuwai. Tsakanin wadannan raye-raye da sauran raye-raye, ta dauki hankali sosai kuma ta fara jawo dimbin jama'a a duk inda ta yi. Daga k'arshe aka kira ta ta koma d'akinta, kiran da tayi bata k'arasa ba, duk da ta cigaba da aika kud'i. [3]
Kafuwar kabuki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kusan 1603, Okuni ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan busasshiyar kogin Shijōgawara (Titin Dry Riverbed na Hudu) na Kogin Kamo [4] kuma a Kitano Shrine. Okuni ya kuma yi wa matan kotun Imperial . [3] Tattara ’yan matan da ba su dace ba, musamman wadanda ke yin karuwanci, [2] Okuni ya ba su shugabanci, inda ya koya musu dabarun wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye da rera waƙa don kafa ƙungiyar ta.
Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da asalin kalmar kabuki, ɗaya kasancewar ta samo asali ne daga waɗanda, waɗanda suke sanye da tufafi masu banƙyama a kan titi, an yi musu lakabi da kabukimono (daga kabuku, 'dogara a wata hanya', da kuma mono, 'mutane'). Wani tushen da zai yiwu shine katamuki, wanda ke nufin 'slanted' ko 'karfin karkatacce.' [2] A kowane hali, wasu sun yi wa wasan kwaikwayon Okuni lakabin "kabuki" saboda girman kai da jajircewarsu. Wasannin farko na kabuki sun kasance raye-raye da waƙa ba tare da wani muhimmin shiri ba, galibi ana kyamatar su da yawan jima'i da kuma cacophonous, amma daidai gwargwado suna yaba da launuka masu kyau da kyau.
Tawagar Okuni mata ce kawai. Don haka, ta bukaci 'yan wasanta su taka rawar maza da mata. Yayin da ƙungiyar ta ta yi suna, wasu da yawa sun yi koyi da ita, musamman gidajen karuwai, waɗanda ke ba da irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo don nishadantar da abokan arziki, da kuma samun karuwai waɗanda ke da sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa. Wannan sabon salon tawagar mata na musamman ya zama sananne da madadin sunayen shibai da onnakabuki, [1] (daga onna, kalmar Jafananci don 'mace' ko 'ya mace') da Okuni kabuki . [2]
Bayan shekaru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na Okuni ya nuna halin soyayya na Nagoya Sansaburō, samurai na ainihi wanda ya mutu a 1603. A kan mataki, kyakkyawar muryar Okuni ta jawo ruhin Sansaburọ ya koma cikin duniyar masu rai don yin rawa da ita. Duk da hasashe na tarihi game da yuwuwar alakar Okuni da Sansaburō, har yanzu babu tabbas ko ma'auratan sun taba zama masoya a lokacin rayuwarsa, ko kuma kawai ta sanya shi cikin labarinta. [5]
Okuni ta yi ritaya a wajen shekara ta 1610, kuma bayan wannan lokacin ta bace. A cikin 1629, saboda kukan sake fasalin ɗabi'a da damuwa game da faɗar da ke ɓarkewa tsakanin maza da ke ƙoƙarin jan hankalin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu ya hana mata yin wasan kwaikwayo a kabuki. [3] Nan da nan aka maye gurbinsu da samari a matsayin ’yan wasan kwaikwayo da ‘yan fim, duk da cewa ba da jimawa ba aka dakatar da hakan saboda wasu batutuwan da suka shafi karuwanci da fasadi na dabi’a, tare da takaita wasan kwaikwayon da manyan mutane ke yi, wanda ya zama al’adar da ake yi a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na hukuma har yau. [2]
Tasirin al'adu da gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya ga kafa kabuki, Okuni ta ba da gudummawa ga wasan kwaikwayo na Japan baki ɗaya. An ce ta gabatar da mafarin hanamichi ('hanyar furanni'), titin titin jirgin sama da ke fitowa daga bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo da tsallaka tsakanin masu sauraro zuwa dandalin. An shigar da wannan a cikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na Japan fiye da na kabuki. Bugu da ƙari, ta kuma yi tasiri a wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na zamani.
Ariyoshi Sawako ta buga littafinta mai suna Izumo no Okuni a ƙarshen 1960s, inda ta kera tarihin rayuwar ɗan rawa. An fara buga labarin a matsayin serial a Fujin Kōron daga 1967 zuwa 1969.
Wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Izumo no Okuni yana cikin Kyoto kusa da Kogin Kamo, ba da nisa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Minami-za kabuki. [6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Scott 1955.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Varley 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 National Guitar Workshop 2008–2009.
- ↑ "Okuni | Kabuki dancer". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-05.
- ↑ Leiter, Samuel L. (1998). Cohen, Selma Jeanne (ed.). "Okuni". The International Encyclopedia of Dance (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195173697.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-517369-7. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ↑ Hartley 2018.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wikimedia Commons on Izumo no Okuni
- Izumo no Okuni, at Distinguished Women
- Izumo no Okuni, Jafananci Art and Architecture Net Users System
- Izumo no Okuni, at Drama Archives