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Japan tsibiri ce a Gabashin Yankin Asiya. Tana cikin Tekun Fasifik daga arewa maso gabashin gabar tekun Asiya, tana iyaka da yamma da Tekun Japan sannan ta taso daga Tekun Okhotsk a arewa zuwa Tekun Gabashin China a kudu. Jafananci tsibiri ya ƙunshi manyan tsibirai huɗu tare da ƙananan tsibiran 14,121, waɗanda ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 377,975 (145,937 sq mi).An raba shi zuwa larduna 47 na gudanarwa da yankuna takwas na gargajiya, kusan kashi 75% na ƙasar ƙasa ce mai tsaunuka da dazuzzuka, inda ta tattara aikin noma da yawan jama'ar birni tare da filayen gabar tekun gabas. Tare da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 123 kamar na 2025, ita ce ƙasa ta 11 mafi yawan jama'a. Babban birnin kasar kuma birni mafi girma shine Tokyo.[1]

Sanannen wurin zama na farko na tsibiran ya kasance zuwa saman Paleolithic, tare da farkon farkon Paleolithic na Jafananci zuwa c. 36,000 BC. Tsakanin ƙarni na 4 zuwa 6, masarautunsa sun haɗe a ƙarƙashin wani sarki a Nara kuma daga baya Heian-kyo. Daga karni na 12, masu mulkin kama-karya na soja da aka sani da shōgun da sarakunan fada da ake kira daimyō ne ke rike da iko na ainihi, wanda jarumai masu suna samurai suka tilasta musu. Bayan mulkin kamakura da Ashikaga shogunates da karni na yaki na jihohi, Japan ta hade a cikin 1600 ta hanyar Tokugawa shogunate, wanda ya aiwatar da manufofin ketare na ware. A shekara ta 1853, wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka ya tilastawa Japan bude kasuwanci zuwa Yamma, wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen shogunate da kuma maido da ikon daular a 1868.

Asalin suna

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Babban labarin: Sunayen Japan Sunan Japan a cikin Jafananci an rubuta shi ta amfani da kanji 日本 kuma ana kiransa Nihon ko Nippon.[2] Kafin a karɓi 日本 a farkon karni na 8, an san ƙasar a China da sunan Wa (倭, wanda aka canza a Japan a kusa da 757 zuwa 和) kuma a cikin Japan da sunan Yamato.[3], ainihin karatun Sino-Jafananci na haruffa, an fi so don amfani da hukuma, gami da kan takardun banki na Japan da tambarin aikawasiku.,[4] Nihon yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin maganganun yau da kullun kuma yana nuna canje-canje a cikin sautin Jafananci a lokacin Edo.[5] Haruffan 日本 suna nufin "asalin rana", [6] wanda shine tushen shahararriyar taswirar yammacin duniya "Land of the Rising Sun" [7]

Sunan "Japan" ya dogara ne akan lafuzzan Min ko Wu na Sinanci na 日本 kuma an gabatar da shi ga harsunan Turai ta hanyar kasuwanci da wuri.[8] A cikin karni na 13, Marco Polo ya rubuta lafazin harshen Sinanci na farko na Mandarin na haruffa 日本國 a matsayin Cipangu.[9] ] Tsohon sunan Malay na Japan, Japang ko Japun, an aro shi ne daga yaren kudancin kasar Sin na bakin teku kuma ’yan kasuwa na Portugal a kudu maso gabashin Asiya suka ci karo da su, wadanda suka kawo kalmar zuwa Turai a farkon karni na 16.[10]to Sigar farko na sunan a Turanci ya bayyana a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a 1577, wanda ya rubuta sunan a matsayin Giapan a cikin fassarar harafin Fotigal na 1565.[11] [12] [13]

Tarihi

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Babban labarin: Tarihin Japan Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jafananci. Prehistoric zuwa na gargajiya tarihi

Tsohon Sarkin sarakuna Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō) Mutane na zamani sun isa Japan kimanin shekaru 38,000 da suka wuce (~ 36,000 BC), wanda ke nuna farkon Paleolithic na Japan.[14] 14,500 BC (farkon zamanin Jōmon), al'adar Mesolithic zuwa Neolithic Semi-sedentary mafarauci wanda ke da mazaunin rami da aikin noma na yau da kullun ya bayyana.[15] ] Tasoshin yumbu daga zamanin suna daga cikin misalan tukwane mafi dadewa da suka tsira.[16] Mutanen Yayoi masu magana da harshen Japon daga baya sun shiga cikin tsibirai daga yankin Koriya,[17] [18] [19]suna yin cudanya da jama'ar Jōmon;[20] zamanin Yayoi ya ga bullo da sabbin hanyoyin zamani da suka hada da noman shinkafa, [21] wani sabon salon tukwane,[22]da karfe [23] daga China da Koriya. A cewar almara, Sarkin sarakuna Jimmu ( zuriyar Amaterasu) ya kafa daula a tsakiyar Japan a shekara ta 660 BC, wanda ya fara ci gaba da layin daular[24]

s.[25] ][26] An gabatar da addinin Buddah zuwa Japan daga Baekje (daular Koriya) a shekara ta 552, amma ci gaban addinin Buddah na Jafan ya kasance mafi rinjaye daga kasar Sin.[27] Duk da juriya da wuri, masu mulki sun inganta addinin Buddah, gami da adadi kamar Yarima Shotoku, kuma sun sami karbuwa sosai tun daga lokacin Asuka (592-710).[28]

shekara ta 645, gwamnatin da Yarima Naka no Ōe da Fujiwara ba Kamatari ke jagoranta sun tsara tare da aiwatar da gyare-gyaren Taika mai nisa. An fara yin gyare-gyaren ne da sake fasalin kasa, bisa ra'ayoyin Confucius da falsafar kasar Sin.[29] Ta mayar da ƙasar Japan ƙasa baki ɗaya, don a raba tsakanin masu noma, kuma ta ba da umarnin a haɗa rajistar gidaje a matsayin tushen sabon tsarin haraji.[30] ainihin manufar gyare-gyaren ita ce, samar da babban tsarin tsakiya, da kuma kara karfin ikon kotun daular, wanda kuma ya dogara ne kan tsarin gwamnatin kasar Sin. An aike da wakilai da dalibai zuwa kasar Sin don su koyi yadda ake rubutu, siyasa, fasaha, da addini na kasar Sin.[31] Yaƙin Jinshin na 672, rikici mai zubar da jini tsakanin yarima Ọama da ɗan wansa Prince Ōtomo, ya zama babban tushen ci gaba da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa.[32] wadanan gyare-gyaren sun ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da Dokar Taiho, wanda ya ƙarfafa dokokin da ake da su tare da kafa tsarin ƙananan hukumomi na tsakiya da na ƙananan hukumomi.[33] Wadannan gyare-gyaren shari'a sun haifar da jihar ritsuryō, tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya na irin na kasar Sin wanda ya kasance a wurin har tsawon rabin karni.[34]

34] [35] an yi imanin cewa cutar sankarau a cikin 735-737 ta kashe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar Japan.[36] ,[37]A cikin 784, Sarkin sarakuna Kanmu ya ƙaura babban birni, ya zauna a Heian-kyō (Kyoto ta zamani) a cikin 794.,[38] Wannan shine farkon lokacin Heian (794-1185), lokacin da al'adun Jafananci na asali suka fito. [39]

Zamanin feudal

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Samurai na Japan yana hawa jirgin ruwan Mongol a lokacin mamayar Mongol na Japan, wanda aka nuna a Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba, 1293

Uku unifiers na Japan. Hagu zuwa dama: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi da Tokugawa Ieyasu. Zamanin ɓangarorin Japan ya kasance yana da alaƙa da bullowa da rinjaye na rukunin mayaƙan masu mulki, samurai.[40]A cikin 1185, bayan cin nasarar da dangin Taira suka yi da dangin Minamoto a yakin Genpei, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo ya kafa gwamnatin soja a Kamakura.[l/[41] Bayan mutuwar Yoritomo, dangin Hojo sun hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin masu mulkin shōgun.[[42] An gabatar da makarantar Zen na addinin Buddah daga kasar Sin a zamanin Kamakura (1185-1333) kuma ta shahara a cikin ajin samurai.[43] kamakature ya fatattaki mamayar Mongol a shekara ta 1274 da 1281 amma daga karshe sarki Go-Daigo ya kifar da shi.[44]Go-Daigo ya sha kashi a hannun Ashikaga Takauji a shekara ta 1336, ya fara zamanin Muromachi (1336-1573).[45] Ashikaga shogunate wanda ya gaje shi ya kasa iko da masu fada a ji (daimyō) kuma yakin basasa ya fara a cikin 1467, wanda ya buɗe lokacin Sengoku na ƙarni ("Jahohin Warring").[l[46]

[[47] [48] Oda Nobunaga ya yi amfani da fasahar Turai da bindigogi don cin nasara da sauran daimyō;[49]ƙarfafa ikonsa ya fara abin da aka sani da lokacin Azuchi-Momoyama.[50] Bayan mutuwar Nobunaga a shekara ta 1582, magajinsa, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ya hada kan al'ummar kasar a farkon shekarun 1590 kuma ya kaddamar da hare-hare biyu na Koriya a cikin 1592 da 1597.[51] Tokugawa Ieyasu ya kasance mai mulki ga dan Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyori kuma ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen samun goyon bayan siyasa da na soja.[52] Lokacin da aka fara yaƙin buɗe ido, Ieyasu ya yi galaba a kan 'yan adawa a yakin Sekigahara a shekara ta 1600. Sarkin sarakuna Go-Yōzei ya nada shi shōgun a shekara ta 1603 kuma ya kafa shogunate Tokugawa a Edo (Tokyo ta zamani).[53]to Shogunate ya zartar da matakan da suka hada da buke shohatto, a matsayin ka'idar aiki don sarrafa daimyō mai cin gashin kansa, [[54] da kuma a cikin 1639 tsarin saƙoku mai karewa ("ƙasa mai rufewa") wanda ya shafe ƙarni biyu da rabi na haɗin kai na siyasa da aka sani da zamanin Edo (1603-1868).[55] [56]Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Japan na zamani ya fara ne a wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da hanyoyi da hanyoyin sufuri na ruwa, da kuma kayan aikin kuɗi kamar kwangila na gaba, banki da inshora na dillalan shinkafa na Osaka.[57] Nazarin ilimin kimiyyar Yamma (rangaku) ya ci gaba ta hanyar tuntuɓar yankin Dutch a Nagasaki.[58] Zaman Edo ya haifar da kokugaku ("nazarin ƙasa"), nazarin Japan na Jafananci. [59]

Lokacin zamani

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Sarkin sarakuna Meiji (明治天皇, Meiji-tennō); 1852-1912

Daular Japan da tasirinsa, 1942 Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry don tilasta bude Japan zuwa kasashen waje. Lokacin da ya isa Uraga tare da "Baƙar fata" guda huɗu a cikin Yuli 1853, Balaguron Perry ya haifar da Babban Taron Kanagawa na Maris 1854.[60] Irin wannan yarjejeniyoyin da suka biyo baya tare da sauran ƙasashen yamma sun kawo rikice-rikice na tattalin arziki da siyasa.[61] [62] Amincewa da cibiyoyin siyasa, shari'a, da soja na Yammacin Turai, Majalisar Ministoci ta shirya majalisar masu zaman kansu, ta gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Meiji (Nuwamba 29, 1890), tare da tattara Abincin Imperial [63] ]. A lokacin Meiji (1868-1912), Daular Japan ta fito a matsayin kasa mafi ci gaba a Asiya kuma a matsayin ikon duniya mai masana'antu wanda ke bin rikicin soji don faɗaɗa tasirin sa.[64] [65] [66] Bayan nasara a yakin Sino-Japan na farko (1894-1895) da yakin Russo-Japan (1904-1905), Japan ta sami iko da Taiwan, Koriya da rabin kudancin Sakhalin, [67] [68] kuma ta mamaye Koriya a cikin 1910.[69] Yawan jama'ar Japan ya ninka daga miliyan 35 a cikin 1873 zuwa miliyan 70 a shekarar 1935, tare da gagarumin sauyi zuwa birane.[70] [71]

[72] [73] yakin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙyale Japan, wacce ta shiga ɓangaren ƙawance masu nasara, ta kama kayan Jamusawa a cikin Pacific da China a cikin 1920.[74] [75] [76] [77] [78] A farkon karni na 20 ya ga lokacin dimokuradiyya ta Taishō (1912-1926) wanda ya mamaye shi ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa da haɓaka.[79] [80] Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙyale ƙasar Japan wadda ta bi sahun ƙawayen da suka yi nasara, ta kama dukiyoyin Jamus a cikin tekun Pacific da China a shekara ta 1920[81] Shekarun 1920 sun ga canjin siyasa zuwa kididdiga, lokacin rashin bin doka da ya biyo bayan girgizar kasa ta Tokyo mai girma ta 1923, zartar da dokoki game da rashin amincewar siyasa, da jerin yunkurin juyin mulki.[82] [83] [84]Wannan tsari ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1930s, wanda ya haifar da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa waɗanda suka yi tarayya da ƙiyayya ga dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma sadaukar da kai ga faɗaɗa a Asiya.[85] A shekarar 1931, Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin, ta kuma mamaye Manchuria, wanda ya kai ga kafa kasar 'yar tsana ta Manchukuo a shekarar 1932; Bayan da kasashen duniya suka yi Allah wadai da mamayar, sai ta yi murabus daga kungiyar a shekarar 1933.[l[86] A cikin 1936, Japan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anti-Comintern tare da Nazi Jamus; Yarjejeniyar Tripartite ta 1940 ta sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ikon Axis.[87]


).[88] A cikin 1940, daular ta mamaye Indochina na Faransa, bayan haka Amurka ta sanya takunkumin hana mai a Japan.[89] [90] A ranar 7-8 ga Disamba, 1941, sojojin Japan sun kai harin ba-zata a kan Pearl Harbor, da kuma kan sojojin Birtaniya a Malaya, Singapore, da Hong Kong, da sauransu, wanda ya fara yakin duniya na biyu a tekun Pacific.[91] A duk yankunan da Japan ta mamaye a lokacin yakin, an yi ta cin zarafi da dama a kan mazauna yankin, tare da tilasta wa da yawa yin bautar jima'i.[92] [93] Yakin ya janyo asarar rayukan miliyoyin jama'a da yankunanta da suka hada da de jure na Japan kamar Koriya, Taiwan, Karafuto, da Kuril[94] Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance (a karkashin jagorancin Amurka) sun maido da miliyoyin mazauna Jafanawa daga ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da sansanonin soji a duk faɗin Asiya, tare da kawar da daular Japan da tasirinta a kan yankunan da ta ci.[95] [[96]Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun kira Kotun Kolin Soja ta Duniya don Gabas Mai Nisa don gurfanar da shugabannin Jafananci in ban da Sarkin sarakuna@[97] saboda laifukan yaƙi na Japan.[98]

A cikin 1947, Japan ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke jaddada ayyukan dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi.[99] muamular haɗin gwiwa ta ƙare da yarjejeniyar San Francisco a cikin 1952, [100] kofa an ba Japan damar zama memba a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1956.[101] lokaci na ci gaban rikodin ya sa Japan ta zama ƙasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin;[102] wannan ya ƙare a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 bayan faɗowar farashin kadari, wanda ya fara "Shekaru Goma" [103] cikin 2011, Japan ta sha fama da girgizar ƙasa mafi girma a tarihinta da aka rubuta— girgizar ƙasa ta Tohoku—wanda ya haifar da bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima Daiichi.[m[104] A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2019, bayan saukar tarihi na sarki Akihito, dansa Naruhito ya zama sarki, wanda ya fara zamanin Reiwa (2019-).[105]

Yanayin wuri

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Manyan labarai: Geography of Japan da Geology na Japan

Taswirar yanayi na Japan Japan ta ƙunshi tsibiran 14,125 da ke kan tekun Pacific na Asiya.[106] Ya shimfiɗa sama da kilomita 3000 (mita 1900) arewa maso gabas – kudu maso yamma daga Tekun Okhotsk zuwa Tekun Gabashin China.[107] [108] tsibiran kasar guda biyar, daga arewa zuwa kudu, su ne Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu da Okinawa.[109] Tsibirin Ryukyu, wanda ya haɗa da Okinawa, sarkar ce a kudancin Kyushu. Tsibirin Nanpo na kudu da gabas ne daga manyan tsibiran Japan. Tare galibi ana kiransu da tsibiran Jafananci.[110] Ya zuwa 2019, yankin Japan shine 377,975.24 km2 (145,937.06 sq mi).[111] Japan tana da bakin teku na shida mafi tsayi a duniya a kilomita 29,751 (mil 18,486). Saboda tsibiran da ke nesa da nisa, yankin tattalin arzikin Japan keɓantacce shine yanki na takwas mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya mamaye 4,470,000 km2 (1,730,000 sq mi).[112] [113]

Jafananci tsibiran dazuzzuka 67% kuma kashi 14% na noma ne.[114] Mafi ƙasƙanci da tsaunuka an iyakance shi ne don zama.[115] Don haka yankunan da ake zaune, galibi a yankunan bakin teku, suna da yawan jama'a masu yawa: Japan ita ce ƙasa ta 40 mafi yawan jama'a ko da ba tare da la'akari da wannan yanki b[116] [117] )[118] 91] Tafkin Biwa tsohon tabki ne kuma tafkin ruwa mafi girma a kasar[119]

Yanayi

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Babban labarin: Geography na Japan § Yanayi

Dutsen Fuji da Shinkansen Yanayin Japan galibi yana da zafi amma ya bambanta sosai daga arewa zuwa kudu. Yankin arewa mai nisa, Hokkaido, yana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano na nahiya tare da dogayen lokacin sanyi, sanyi da zafi sosai ga lokacin rani. Ruwan sama ba ya da nauyi, amma tsibiran galibi suna tasowa da gaɓar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu.[120]

A cikin tekun Japan da ke gabar yammacin Honshu, iskar hunturu ta arewa maso yamma tana kawo dusar kankara a lokacin hunturu. A lokacin rani, yankin wani lokaci yana fuskantar zafi mai tsananin zafi saboda Foehn.[121] tsakanin Highland yana da yanayi na nahiya mai ɗanɗano da aka saba, tare da manyan bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi tsakanin lokacin rani da hunturu. Duwatsun yankunan Chūgoku da Shikoku suna ba da mafaka ga Tekun Seto Inland Sea daga iskoki na yanayi, suna kawo yanayi mai sauƙi a duk shekara.[122]

[123] Babban damina na farawa ne a farkon watan Mayu a Okinawa, kuma a hankali ruwan sama yana motsawa zuwa arewa. A ƙarshen lokacin rani da farkon kaka, guguwa ta kan kawo ruwan sama mai yawa.[124] a cewar ma’aikatar kula da muhalli, yawan ruwan sama da kuma karuwar yanayin zafi sun haifar da matsala a harkar noma da sauran wurare.[[125]Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka auna a Japan, 41.1 °C (106.0 °F), an rubuta shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2018, [126] kuma aka maimaita ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2020.[127]

Muhalli

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Manyan labarai: Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Japan da canjin yanayi a Japan [128] Ganyen maple na kaka (momiji) a Kongōbu-ji akan Dutsen Koya, Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO[129] A lokacin ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnati da kamfanonin masana'antu sun yi watsi da manufofin muhalli; sakamakon haka, gurbacewar muhalli ta yadu a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Da yake amsa matsalolin da ke tasowa, gwamnati ta gabatar da dokokin kare muhalli a cikin 1970.[130] Rikicin mai a shekarar 1973 ya kuma karfafa yin amfani da makamashi yadda ya kamata saboda rashin albarkatun kasa na kasar Japan.[131] Japan tana matsayi na 20 a cikin kididdigar Ayyukan Muhalli ta 2018, wanda ke auna kudurin wata ƙasa don dorewar muhalli.[132] Japan ita ce kasa ta biyar a duniya wajen fitar da iskar carbon dioxide.[133] A matsayinta na mai masaukin baki kuma mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997, Japan tana karkashin yarjejeniyar rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kuma daukar wasu matakai don dakile sauyin yanayi[134] A cikin 2020, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da manufar rashin tsaka-tsakin carbon zuwa 2050.[135] abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska na birane (NOx, dakatar da ƙwayoyin cuta, da masu guba), sarrafa sharar gida, kawar da ruwa, kiyaye yanayi, canjin yanayi, sarrafa sinadarai da haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa don kiyayewa.[136]

Gwamnati da siyasa

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Manyan labarai: Sarkin Japan, Gwamnatin Japan, Siyasar Japan, da Dokar Japan

[137] A maimakon haka, firaministan Japan da majalisar ministocinsa ne ke amfani da ikon zartarwa, waɗanda mulkinsu ya rataya a wuyan al'ummar Japan.[138]Naruhito shi ne Sarkin Japan, bayan da ya gaji mahaifinsa Akihito bayan hawansa kan karagar Chrysanthemum a shekarar 2019.[[139]

Ginin Abinci na Kasa

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Ƙungiyar majalissar Japan ita ce Abinci ta ƙasa, majalissar wakilai biyu.[140] Ya kunshi karamar majalisar wakilai mai kujeru 465, da kuri’ar jama’a za ta yi zabe duk bayan shekaru hudu ko kuma idan aka rusa, sai kuma majalisar wakilai ta sama mai kujeru 245, wadanda jama’a suka zaba suna wa’adin shekaru shida.[141] Akwai kuri'a na duniya ga manya fiye da shekaru 18,[142] ] tare da kuri'a a asirce ga dukkan zababbun mukamai.[143] Minista a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnati yana da ikon nadawa da korar ministocin kasa, kuma sarki ne ke nada shi bayan an nada shi daga cikin ma'aikatan abinci.[144] Shigeru Ishiba shi ne firaministan kasar Japan; ya hau mulki ne bayan ya lashe zaben shugabancin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na 2024.[145] jamiyar Liberal Democratic Party mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ita ce jam'iyyar da ke da rinjaye a kasar tun shekarun 1950, wadda ake kira da tsarin 1955.[146] [147] [148] [149]to

Alakar kasashen waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: dangantakar kasashen waje na Japan

Japan memba ce ta G7 da G20. Kasar Japan memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun shekarar 1956, Japan na daya daga cikin kasashen G4 da ke neman garambawul ga kwamitin sulhu.[150] Japan memba ce ta G7, APEC, da "ASEAN Plus Three", kuma mamba ce a taron kolin gabashin Asiya.[151] Ita ce kasa ta biyar mafi girma a duniya wajen bayar da taimakon raya kasa, inda ta ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka biliyan 9.2 a shekarar 2014.[152] A cikin 2024, Japan tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta diflomasiya ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya.[153] ] Ana ɗaukar Japan a matsayin babbar ƙasa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziki da tasirin siyasa, al'adu da na soja.[154] [155] Kasar Japan dai tana da alaka ta kud-da-kud a fannin tattalin arziki da na soji da Amurka, inda take kulla kawancen tsaro da ita.[156] {Asar Amirka babbar kasuwa ce ta fitar da kayayyaki daga Japan zuwa ketare, kuma ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da kayayyaki daga Japan, kuma ta himmatu wajen kare kasar, tare da sansanonin soji a Japan.[157] A cikin 2016, Japan ta sanar da Haɗin Indo-Pacific Kyauta da Buɗewa, wanda ke tsara manufofin yanki.[158] [159] Har ila yau, Japan mamba ce ta Tattaunawar Tsaro ta Quadrilateral ("Quad"), tattaunawar tsaro da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a cikin 2017 da nufin iyakance tasirin Sinawa a yankin Indo-Pacific, tare da Amurka, Australia, da Indiya.[160] [161]

Sojoji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Rundunar Tsaron Kai ta Japan [162] JMSDF Kongō-class mai lalata [163] [164] Kasar Japan ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a Asiya a cikin kididdigar zaman lafiya ta duniya ta 2024.[165] Ya kashe kashi 1.4% na jimillar GDPn sa akan kasafin tsaro da kuma kiyaye kasafin soja na goma mafi girma a duniya a shekarar 2024.[166] rundunar sojan kasar, rundunar tsaron kai ta Japan (SJDF), ta takaita ne da sashe na 9 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Japan, wanda ya yi watsi da yancin kasar Japan na shelanta yaki ko kuma amfani da karfin soji a takaddamar kasa da kasa[167] Ma'aikatar Tsaro ce ke tafiyar da sojan, kuma da farko sun ƙunshi Rundunar Kare Kai ta Ƙasar Japan, Rundunar Tsaron Kai ta Maritime ta Japan, da Rundunar Tsaron Kai ta Sama. Aike da dakaru zuwa Iraki da Afganistan shi ne karo na farko da Japan ta yi amfani da sojojin zuwa ketare tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu[168]

Gwamnatin Japan ta kasance tana yin sauye-sauye kan manufofinta na tsaro da suka hada da kafa kwamitin tsaron kasa, da amincewa da dabarun tsaron kasa, da bunkasa ka'idojin tsare-tsare na kasa[169] a cikin watan Mayun 2014, Firayim Minista Shinzo Abe ya ce Japan na son kawar da halin da ake ciki tun bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu da kuma daukar nauyin tsaron yankin.[170] a watan Disamba na 2022, Firayim Minista Fumio Kishida ya kara tabbatar da wannan yanayin, inda ya umurci gwamnati da ta kara kashe kudade da kashi 65% har zuwa 2027.[171] [172] [173]

Tabbatar da doka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manyan labarai: tilasta doka a Japan da Laifuka a Japan

Hedkwatar Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Tokyo Tsaron cikin gida a Japan ana ba da shi galibi daga sassan ƴan sanda na yanki, ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumar 'yan sanda ta ƙasa[/[174] sanda na Prefectural, Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a ta kasa ce ke kula da hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa.[175] kungiyar ta Musamman ta Ƙungiya ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin dabarun yaƙi da ta'addanci na matakin ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da haɗin kai tare da matakin yanki na Anti-Firearms Squads da Counter-NBC Ta'addanci Squads.[176] jamian tsaron gabar tekun Japan suna gadin yankunan ruwa da ke kewaye da Japan kuma suna amfani da sa ido da sarrafa matakan hana fasa-kwauri, laifukan muhallin ruwa, farauta, fashin teku, jiragen ruwa na leƙen asiri, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi mara izini, da ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.[177]

Dokar Sarrafa Mallakar Bindiga da Takobi tana ƙayyadad da tsarin mallakar farar hula na bindigogi, takuba, da sauran makamanta,[178] ,[179] A cewar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muggan kwayoyi da Laifuka, daga cikin kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke bayar da rahoton kididdiga tun daga shekarar 2018, yawan laifukan tashin hankali kamar kisan kai, sacewa, cin zarafin jima'i, da fashi sun yi kadan a Japan.[180] [181] [182] [183]

Haƙƙin ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Japan A al'adance al'ummar Jafananci suna ba da fifiko mai ƙarfi ga haɗin kai da daidaito, wanda ya haifar da tauye haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya[[184]Kundin tsarin mulkin Japan ya haramta wariyar launin fata da addini, [185] [186] kuma ƙasar ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da yawa.[187] Duk da haka, ba ta da wata doka ta adawa da wariya dangane da launin fata, kabila, addini, yanayin jima'i, ko asalin jinsi kuma ba ta da wata cibiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa,[188]

Japan ta fuskanci suka game da rashin daidaiton jinsi,[189] ba ta yarda da auren jinsi daya ba, [190] amfani da launin fata ta hanyar 'yan sanda, ,[191] [192] da kuma ba da izinin hukuncin kisa.[193] sauran batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da mu’amala da ɓangarorin da ba a sani ba, kamar ƙabilu, ,[194] ‘yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka.[195]

Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Tattalin Arzikin Japan

Gidajen sama a Nakanoshima, Osaka; babbar cibiyar kudi a Japan Kasar Japan ce kasa ta biyar mafi girman karfin tattalin arziki a duniya ta hanyar jimillar GDP, bayan ta Amurka, Sin, Jamus da Indiya; kuma na biyar mafi girma ta hanyar PPP-daidaitawar GDP.[196] Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, ma'aikatan Japan su ne na goma mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kunshi sama da ma'aikata miliyan 69.2.[197] Ya zuwa 2024, Japan tana da ƙarancin rashin aikin yi kusan 2.6%.[198] Adadin talaucinsa shi ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin kasashen G7, ,[199] kuma ya zarce kashi 15.7% na yawan jama'a.[200] Japan tana da mafi girman rabon bashin jama'a zuwa GDP a tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa, [201] tare da bashin ƙasa da aka kiyasta a 248% dangane da GDP kamar na 2022.[202] yen Jafananci ita ce kuɗin ajiyar kuɗi na uku mafi girma a duniya bayan dalar Amurka da Yuro.[203]

A cikin 2022, Japan ita ce ta biyar mafi girma a duniya [204] kuma mafi girma na huɗu.[205] Abubuwan da aka fitar sun kai kashi 18.2% na jimlar GDPn sa a shekarar 2021.[206] A cikin 2022, manyan kasuwannin fitar da kayayyaki na Japan sune Sin (23.9%, gami da Hong Kong) da Amurka (18.5%).[207] baban abin da yake fitarwa shine motocin motoci, kayan ƙarfe da ƙarfe, semiconductor, da sassan mota.[208]Manyan kasuwannin shigo da kayayyaki na Japan a shekarar 2022 sune Sin (21.1%), Amurka (9.9%), da Australia (9.8%).@,[209] Manyan abubuwan da Japan ke shigo da su su ne injuna da kayan aiki, man fetur, kayan abinci, sinadarai, da albarkatun kasa.[210]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ the country's constitution
  2. ↑ "You say 'Nihon', I say 'Nippon', or let's call the whole thing 'Japan'?"
  3. ↑ "Wa Wa Lexicography"
  4. ↑ ]"You say 'Nihon', I say 'Nippon', or let's call the whole thing 'Japan'?"
  5. ↑ "Wa Wa Lexicography"
  6. ↑ "You say 'Nihon', I say 'Nippon', or let's call the whole thing 'Japan'?"
  7. ↑ The Emergence of Japanese Kingship
  8. ↑ London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689
  9. ↑ "Cipangu's landlocked isles"
  10. ↑ Lach, Donald (2010). Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. I. University of Chicago
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  12. ↑ London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689
  13. ↑ "Geology and Quaternary environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, central Japan"
  14. ↑ "Geology and Quaternary environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, central Japan"
  15. ↑ Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.,
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  17. ↑ "Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People"
  18. ↑ Vovin, Alexander
  19. ↑ Watanabe, Yusuke; Naka, Izumi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Sawai, Hiromi; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun (June 17, 2019). "Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z.
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  45. ↑ Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600
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  152. ↑ "Statistics from the Development Co-operation Report 2015"
  153. ↑ "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank"
  154. ↑ The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers
  155. ↑ Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century
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  157. ↑ "US Relations with Japan"
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  166. ↑ "Trends in Military Expenditure 2024"
  167. ↑ ."Japan: Article 9 of the Constitution"
  168. ↑ "Japan and its military"
  169. ↑ "Japan's Security Policy"
  170. ↑ "Abe offers Japan's help in maintaining regional security"
  171. ↑ "No, Japan is not planning to 'double its defense budget'"
  172. ↑ "Japan: Dealing with North Korea's Growing Missile Threat"
  173. ↑ "China Provocations Hasten Japan's Military Revival"
  174. ↑ . A matsayin cibiyar kula da sashin 'yan"Who will conduct the investigation?"
  175. ↑ National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee, ed. (1977). Japan post-war police history (in Japanese). Japan Police Support Association
  176. ↑ "Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures"
  177. ↑ Archived
  178. ↑ "Diet tightens laws on knives, guns"
  179. ↑ "A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths"
  180. ↑ "Victims of intentional homicide, 1990–2018"
  181. ↑ "Kidnapping: 2018"
  182. ↑ "Kidnapping: 2018"
  183. ↑ "Robbery: 2018". UNODC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  184. ↑ "Fundamental Human Rights and 'Traditional Japanese Values': Constitutional Amendment and Vision of the Japanese Society"
  185. ↑ "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination started consideration of the initial and second periodic reports of Japan"
  186. ↑ Constitution of Japan 
  187. ↑ "Japan Strengthening Its Presence in the International Community"
  188. ↑ World Report 2024: Events of 2023
  189. ↑ "Gender inequality in Japan: The status of women, and their promotion in the workplace"
  190. ↑ "Japan same-sex marriage ban ruled unconstitutional again by courts"
  191. ↑ "Racial profiling, discrimination in Japan far more serious than stats reported by police"
  192. ↑ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Japan"
  193. ↑ "Japan: 'Will this day be my last?' The death penalty in Japan"
  194. ↑ "Japan: Long-standing discrimination unchanged"
  195. ↑ "Japan's new deportation rule for asylum seekers raises rights concerns"
  196. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025"
  197. ↑ "World Factbook: Japan"
  198. ↑ "Unemployment, total (% of the total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate): Japan"
  199. ↑ "Japan confronts rising inequality after Abenomics"
  200. ↑ "Japan's middle class is 'disappearing' as poverty rises, warns economist"
  201. ↑ Ímrohoroğlu, Selahattin; Kitao, Sagiri; Yamada, Tomoaki (February 2016). "Achieving fiscal balance in Japan". International Economic Review. 57 (1): 117–154. doi:10.1111/iere.12150. JSTOR 44075341
  202. ↑ "Monetary Tightening Poses Medium-Term Risks to Japan's Debt Dynamics"
  203. ↑ "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserve"
  204. ↑ "List of importing markets for the product exported by Japan in 2022". International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  205. ↑ "List of importing markets for the product exported by Japan in 2022"
  206. ↑ "Exports of goods and services (% of GDP): Japan"
  207. ↑ Japan External Trade Organization
  208. ↑ "World Factbook: Japan"
  209. ↑ Japan External Trade Organization
  210. ↑ Japan External Trade Organization
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