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Jagorancin Yara

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Jagorancin Yara
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na child welfare (en) Fassara

Jagorancin Yara ya kasance tsarin zamantakewa na ƙarni na 20, wani lokacin ana kiransa Ƙungiyar Jagoran Yara, da kuma cibiyar sadarwa mai tasiri na asibitoci masu yawa da aka kafa don magance matsalolin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Ya fara ne a Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I bazu da sauri zuwa Turai, musamman zuwa Austria da Ingila, kodayake ba zuwa Scotland ba.[1] Ita ce amsawar farko ta ma'aikata ta yara don saduwa da halin yara da Matasa da cututtukan hankali. Saboda haka ya riga ya zo ga ilimin halayyar yara a matsayin ƙwararren likita da kuma sassan halayyar bana daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na saitunan asibiti na zamani.

Kodayake mutanen da ke aiki a cikin ƙungiyar jagorantar yara sun kasance daga cikin na farko da suka karɓi maganin ƙwaƙwalwar yara a matsayin hanyar magani kuma sun samar da jiki na ka'idar psychoanalytic akan ci gaban yara bisa ga lura da Nazarin shari'a, sun makara wajen karɓar Hanyar kimiyya.[2][3][4]

Tarihi

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Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Landan (1929) ta samo asali ne a "Tudor Lodge" 1, Canonbury Place N1, London. Yanzu an haɗa shi a cikin Tavistock da Portman NHS Foundation Trust a Swiss CottageGidan Switzerland

Za'a iya sanya motsi a 1906 Chicago a matsayin martani ga Laifin matasa, lokacin da birnin ya kasance a kan gaba na ra'ayoyin ci gaba game da doka da magani.[5] Yin ƙoƙari ga ci gaban jama'a da kuma tallafawa daga masu sha'awar gari kamar malamai, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, lauyoyi, malamai da likitoci, shugabannin al'umma da 'yan siyasa, Kotunan Yara da cibiyoyin gyarawa sun kawo karshen ɗaurin yara tare da manya. A cikin 1921-22 ta amfani da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara da Cibiyar Nazarin Yara a matsayin samfuran, an kafa Cibiyar Kulawa ta Yara ta Amurka.[5]

A cikin 1919, Alfred Adler ya fara asibitin jagorantar yara na farko a Vienna. Tare da rushewar Daular Austro-Hungary, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Austria ta zo mulki a sabuwar Jamhuriyar Austriya. Social Democrats sun goyi bayan shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama'a tare da mai da hankali kan sake fasalin ilimin yara. Sakamakon yanayin ya ba Adler da abokan aikinsa damar kafa asibitocin jagorantar yara 28, kuma Vienna ta zama birni na farko a duniya don samar da yara masu makaranta kyauta.[6]

Asibitin jagorantar yara na farko a Ingila shine "The East London Child Guidance Clinic" wanda aka buɗe a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1927, a karkashin jagorancin Dokta Emanuel Miller, tare da taimakon Meyer Fortes. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Yahudawa ce ta kafa ta, tare da taimakon LCC, don taimakawa yara da ake ganin suna da matsalolin motsin rai, halayyar da ilimi. Asibitin ya kasance a cikin tsohuwar makarantar Yahudawa a Bell Lane, Spitalfields . [7] Wani asibiti na biyu, asibitin kula da yara na London, ya buɗe a ƙarƙashin Dokta William Moodie a 1929 a Islington. Ya zama babban cibiyar kasar don horar da yara.[8] Asibitin jagorantar yara na farko da aka buɗe a asibitin sa kai ya kasance a Asibitin Guy, London a cikin 1930.

Misali na farko da asibitocin jagorantar yara suka karɓa a Ingila shine yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar kimantawa ta yara da matasa wanda likita likita ya jagoranci, daga baya likitan kwakwalwa na yara, tare da taimakon masanin ilimin halayyar ilimi, ko kuma wani lokacin masanin halayyar asibiti da kuma horar da ma'aikatan zamantakewa.[9] Bayanan za su zo ne daga manyan makarantu, wuraren kula da yara, (matasa), 'yan sanda, likitoci da iyaye.[1] Shirin zai kasance don aika ma'aikatan zamantakewa don gano yanayin zamantakewa na iyali, gano yaron, sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da Rashin daidaituwa, ya ba da magani a wurin da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya yi ko kuma ya tura shi zuwa wata ma'aikata ta musamman, kamar makarantar ta musamman kuma ya ba da shawara ga iyaye (ko kotu) daidai.[1]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kwashe yara daga birane da iyalansu ba wai kawai ya haifar da babbar ƙalubale ba, amma ya ba da dama ta musamman don nazarin tasirin da aka yi wa mutane.[1] A shekara ta 1944 akwai asibitocin jagorantar yara 95 a duk faɗin Ingila. Tare da wucewar Dokar Ilimi ta 1944, wanda ya amince da asibitocin jagorantar yara a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafi ga ilimi na al'ada, wannan adadin ya tashi zuwa asibitoci 300 a cikin 1955.[10]

Kafin da kuma bayan yakin, akwai kwararru masu kula da yara masu gudun hijira zuwa Burtaniya daga Turai, da yawa daga cikinsu an horar da su ta hanyar psychoanalytic, kuma wadanda a cikin lokaci suka yi tasiri a cikin asibitocin jagorantar yara. Maganarsu game da Matakan ci gaban yara da sabbin hanyoyin magani sun sanya damuwa a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya da tsarin matsayi na asibitoci kuma sun haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin masu sana'a.[11] Tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin zamantakewa a cikin ƙasar da sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ilimin zamantakewa da al'adu da kuma ilimin laifuka, sannan gabatar da maganin iyali, asibitocin sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita da sababbin buƙatu [1]

Rashin haske na motsi na jagorar yara

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A shekara ta 1979, Robina Addis ta kafa Child Guidance Trust don ba da ilimin aikin zamantakewa.[12] Koyaya, a cikin rabin rabin karni a Ƙasar Ingila, ƙungiyar ta sami kuɗi galibi daga kasafin kuɗin ilimi na cikin gida kuma an iyakance ta ga sabis na marasa lafiya, sassan asibiti na NHS na yara da na iyali sun yi gasa da su, (CAMHS), yaƙin da ya ɓace galibi saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da akidar, wanda za a iya jayayya da cutar da yara, iyalansu da al'ummominsu [3][1][13] Wani mai sharhi na baya-bayan nan (2019) ya bayyana cewa rashin saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na matasa na zamani, gami da ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, a Burtaniya bai cika rata da asibitocin jagorantar yara da ba su nan suka bari ba wanda, ga duk gazawarsu, aƙalla ana iya samun su kuma suna mai da hankali ga yara da iyalansu.[14]

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John Stewart (2012). "The dangerous age of childhood': child guidance in Britain c.1918-1955". Retrieved 2020-01-09. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Stewart" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. 1 2 Black, Dora (1983). "Are child guidance clinics an anachronism?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 58 (8): 644–5. doi:10.1136/adc.58.8.644. PMC 1628318. PMID 6614983. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Black" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Graham, Philip (2002). "Obituary: Professor Israel Kolvin". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  5. 1 2 Levy, D. M. (1968). "Beginnings of the child guidance movement". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 38 (5): 799–804. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1968.tb00597.x. PMID 4879358.
  6. ↑ McCluskey, Mary C. (5 March 2021). "Revitalizing Alfred Adler: An Echo for Equality". Clinical Social Work Journal. 50: 387–399.
  7. ↑ "The East London Child Guidance Clinic". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  8. ↑ "The London Child Guidance Clinic". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  9. ↑ "the London Child Guidance Clinic information leaflet". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  10. ↑ Wardle, Christopher J. (1991). "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry". British Journal of Psychiatry. 159: 56. doi:10.1192/bjp.159.1.53. PMID 1888980. S2CID 30680407.
  11. ↑ John Stewart (2012). "The dangerous age of childhood': child guidance in Britain c.1918-1955". Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  12. ↑ "Robina Addis". wellcomelibrary.org. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
  13. ↑ Renee Cohen (1996-10-31). "Letter: Where is the Child Guidance Clinic?". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  14. ↑ Barrett, Susan (2019). "From Adult Lunatic Asylums to CAMHS Community Care: the Evolution of Specialist Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents 1948-2018". Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-3 (in Turanci). XXIV (3). doi:10.4000/rfcb.4138.
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