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Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Afirka

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Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Afirka
Bayanai
Iri jam'iyyar siyasa
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mulki
Hedkwata St. Petersburg (en) Fassara

Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (APSP) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Afirka a Amurka . APSP tana jagorantar ƙungiyar 'yar'uwarta, Uhuru Movement (mai suna /ʊhʊrʊ/, Swahili don "yanci"). Dukansu APSP da Uhuru sun kafa a cikin 1972 daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi uku na Black Power.[1] APSP tana tallafawa biyan diyya ga bautar a Amurka, gurguzu na Afirka, da kuma cin zarafin Afirka.

Fitattun mambobin APSP sun hada da Omali Yeshitela, wanda ya zama shugaban APSP tun 1972. :316 A cikin 2024, wasu manyan mambobin APSP guda hudu, ciki har da Yeshitela, an yanke musu hukunci da laifin hada baki don yin aiki a matsayin wakilai na kasashen waje marasa rajista na gwamnatin Rasha amma ba a same su da laifin yin aiki a matsayin wakilai na Rasha ba. [2] Sun yi aiki tare da Alexander Ionov, shugaban Anti-Globalization Movement na Rasha. [3] An yanke musu hukuncin gwajin gwaji da yi wa al'umma hidima. [4]

Ra'ayi

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APSP kungiya ce ta Afirka ta kasa da kasa kuma kungiyar gurguzu ta Afirka." Manufofin da APSP ta bayyana sune "don kiyaye Black Power Movement da rai, kare 'yan Afirka da yawa da aka kulle ta hanyar yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya, da haɓaka dangantaka da Afirka da' yan Afirka a duk duniya". [1]

Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Jama'ar Afirka ita ce "ƙungiya mai ci gaba na ma'aikatan Afirka da janar ma'aikatanta," suna bin burin "yanci da hadin kan Afirka da mutanen Afirka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ma'aikatan Afrika a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na gwagwarmayar kawar da mulkin mallaka".[5]

Ka'idar siyasa ta Uhuru Movement ita ce cin zarafin Afirka, wanda ke jayayya cewa an haifi jari-hujja ta hanyar kai hari kan Afirka da mutanenta.[6] Ƙasashen Afirka suna riƙe da cewa jari-hujja shine mulkin mallaka wanda ya bunkasa zuwa matakin mafi girma, ba a wata hanya ba, kamar yadda Vladimir Lenin ya tsara.[7]

Wannan imani ya samo asali ne daga littafin Karl Marx na 1867 Capital, wanda Marx ya rubuta game da yanayin da ke da muhimmanci ga fitowar jari-hujja wanda ya kira "tattarawa na farko" na Babban Birni.[7] Ƙasashen Afirka ba ka'idar da ke magana ne kawai game da yanayin da ya gabata ba, yana kuma nufin yanayin da mutanen Afirka ke fuskanta a yau. Yana nufin mutanen Afirka da ke zaune a cikin abin da yake kallo a matsayin cibiyoyin mulkin mallaka, kamar Amurka da Turai, a matsayin "mallaka na ciki (ko na cikin gida). "[6] Uhuru ya yi kira da a saki dukkan fursunonin Afirka a cikin kurkuku na Amurka (wanda aka lakafta " sansanonin taro") da kuma janye sojojin 'yan sanda (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "sojojin da ba su da izini") daga al'ummomin Afirka na Amurka.[8]

Tarihi

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Asalin

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A shekara ta 1968, Omali Yeshitela ta kirkiro Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO), kungiyar Black Power wacce ta yi zanga-zanga game da nuna bambancin launin fata, zalunci na 'yan sanda, da cin zarafin mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka a Florida. An tsara JOMO ne bayan Jam'iyyar Black Panther . [1]

A cikin 1972, ƙungiyoyi uku na Black Power a Florida da Kentucky sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar APSP: JOMO, Black Rights Fighters (BRF), da Black Study Group (BSG). JOMO, wanda Yeshitela ke jagoranta, shine mafi tasiri daga cikin ukun. An kuma kirkiro kungiyar Uhuru a shekarar 1972.[1] Bayan hadewar, Yeshitela ya zama shugaban APSP da Uhuru, wanda ya sauya mayar da hankali daga Black Power zuwa Pan-Africanism.[9]

Shekarun 1970

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A shekara ta 1979, APSP ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Kai na Jama'ar Afirka (APSC), wata kungiya ce ta Turai da Amurkawa "wanda ke aiki tare da hadin kai tare da gwagwarmayar 'yancin Afirka da hadin kan Afirka da mutanen Afirka a duk duniya". Matsayin APSC shine tara kudade ta hanyar kamfen ɗin bayar da gudummawa da kuma aiwatar da kamfen ɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki na APSP.

A watan Satumbar 1979, jam'iyyar ta kafa Kungiyar Kurkukun Kasa ta Afirka (ANPO); an yanke shawarar kafa ANPO bayan taron Satumba 4, 1977 a Atlanta, Jojiya. A lokacin taron, kungiyoyin Black Nationalist da yawa sun bayyana muhimmancin, da kuma bukatar bunkasa hadin kai tsakanin masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai da sojojin kurkuku. An yanke shawarar cewa ANPO "zai zama ƙofar gina gaba na 'yanci na ƙasa. " Bugu da ƙari, mahalarta taron sun kafa ka'idoji biyar a matsayin tushen kafa ANPO, waɗanda suka kasance Ƙaddamar da kai, 'yancin siyasa, adawa da mulkin mallaka, adawa da mulkin mallaka.

Shekarun 1980

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A cikin 1981, APSP ta ƙaura ofishinta na ƙasa daga Florida zuwa California" id="mwsA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California, kuma ta buɗe gidan Uhuru.

A shekara ta 1982, APSP ta gudanar da taron jam'iyyarta a Oakland. APSP ta zartar da ƙuduri don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Afirka (ASI), kuma wanda ya yi kira ga duk 'yan gurguzu na Afirka su haɗu cikin ƙungiya ɗaya ta gurguzu ta Afirka, tare da burin ƙarshe na wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Kodayake ASI tana bin pan-Africanism, babban burinta shine juyin juya halin gurguzu wanda ma'aikatan Afirka ke jagoranta.[10] ASI na neman zama " jam'iyyar kasa da kasa ta ma'aikatan Afirka".[11]

A shekara ta 1982, APSP ta kafa Kungiyar Maido da Kasa ta Afirka (ANRO), wacce ta gudanar da Kotun Duniya ta Farko kan Maido da Mutanen Afirka a Brooklyn, New York . An fara buƙatar wannan biyan kuɗi a Kotun Duniya ta Farko kan Ma'aikatar Ma'auni ga Taron Jama'ar Afirka na 1982, wanda ya kammala cewa, "Amurka ta ci bashin dala tiriliyan 4.1 don laifin kisan kare dangi a kan 'yan Afirka na Afirka da aikin da ba a biya su da zuriyarsu ba a lokacin Bautar. " [12] Manufar da aka bayyana na motsi shine samun diyya ga rashin adalci na bautar, da kuma wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka tun daga lokacin. Shugaban APSP Omali Yeshitela ya yi jayayya cewa mutanen Afirka a duk duniya sun kamata su biya bashin fiye da bautar, amma kuma sama da shekaru 500 na mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka.[13]

APSP ta yi iƙirarin cewa "ta hanyar wannan aikin, [APSP] ta haifi Movement na Ma'aikatar Ma'auni na zamani. " [1] Koyaya, marubuta Michael T. Martin da Marilyn Yaquinto duk da haka sun ce, a cikin rahoton Black Black Political Assembly's (NBPA) Black Agenda da aka buga a shekara ta 1974, NBPA ta farko "ya amince da manufar Ma'aikatan Afirka ta Amurka". Da aka haɗa su da su 'yanci kaɗan don' yancin Jam' yancin Jama'aikatun Amurka sun yi amfani da su'aikatansu don Ma'aunin Jama'auni a cikin shekarunsu'aikatarwa da su' yan Afirka'aikat

Shekarun 1990

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A cikin shekarun 1990s, akwai babban rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan sanda a St. Petersburg, Florida da kuma Kungiyar Uhuru. Mambobin Kungiyar Uhuru sau da yawa suna gudanar da zanga-zanga kan yadda 'yan sanda ke mu'amala da bakaken fata, musamman bayan kashe su da 'yan sanda ke yi. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1996, tarzoma ta barke a St. Petersburg, Florida bayan wani farar fata dan sanda ya harbe ya kashe wani saurayi bakar fata wanda ba shi da makami yayin da yake tuƙin motar sata. An ƙone motoci da gine-gine, an jefa duwatsu kan 'yan sanda a wurin harbin. Akalla mutane 20 daga cikin masu zanga-zangar an kama su.[14] Washegari, wata babbar tawagar mambobin Uhuru sun koma wurin da abin ya faru suka nemi a saki wadanda aka kama. Yawancin zanga-zangar da Kungiyar Uhuru ta shirya sun kasance cikin lumana.[15][16] Sobukwe Bambaata, ɗaya daga cikin mambobin Uhuru, ya bayyana cewa tarzomar da ta faru da ba ta faru ba "da ace 'yan sanda ba su shigo unguwarmu suna mu'amala da mu kamar karnuka ba".[17]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, APSP da Kungiyar Uhuru sun koma St. Petersburg, Florida.[9]

Shekarun 2000

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A shekarar 2004, shugaban Kungiyar Uhuru, Omali Yeshitela, ya rusa wani baje kolin bikin Halloween a St. Petersburg, Florida, wanda ke nuna "wani abin kwaikwayo da aka rataye da igiya a kan wata gadar kisa da aka yi da hannu". Ra’ayoyi da wasiku da aka tura zuwa jaridar St. Petersburg Times sun soki duka Kungiyar Uhuru da yadda Yeshitela ya gudanar da kansa.[18][19]

A shekarar 2008, Kungiyar Uhuru ta sami kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai na kasa lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa, lokacin da wani dan kungiyar Uhuru ya katse taron Barack Obama a St. Petersburg, ya kuma tambaye shi da cewa "Yaya game da al'ummar bakake?", yana zargin cewa Obama ba ya kare muradun bakaken fata musamman kan batutuwan kamar cin zarafin 'yan sanda, rashin aikin yi, karbar bashi da cutarwa, da bala’in guguwar Katrina.[20][21]

A shekarar 2009, Kungiyar Anti-Defamation League ta soki zanga-zangar Uhuru da ta gudana a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2009, tana kiran ta da nuna ƙiyayya ga Isra'ila da kuma ra'ayin adawa da zionism.[22]

A cikin shekarar 2009, Kungiyar Democratic Uhuru ta Jama’ar Duniya (InPDUM) ta shirya wata zanga-zanga domin nuna goyon baya ga Lovelle Mixon da kuma nuna adawa da Rundunar 'Yan Sandan Oakland. Mixon, wanda dan Oakland, California ne, ya kashe jami’an ‘yan sanda hudu a harin bindiga sannan shi ma aka kashe shi a musayar wuta bayan an tsayar da shi a wajen bincike, wanda ya faru kusa da ofishin Kungiyar Uhuru a yankin.[23][24]

Shekarun 2010

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A cikin 2015, a [Jami'ar Mainz | Jami'ar John Gutenberg] a Mainz, Jamus, Kwamitin Dalibai (AStA) ya rabu a cikin Afrilu 2015 sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida kan zargin kyamar baki bayan sun shirya wani taron bayani game da kungiyar Uhuru a harabar JGU a cikin Janairu.[25] Kungiyar ta AstA ta nisanta kanta daga jam'iyyar Uhuru Movement, da jam'iyyar Socialist People's African People's Socialist Party da kuma shugabanta Omali Yeshitela inda suka bayyana cewa "yaki da wariyar launin fata da sakamakon mulkin mallaka bai kamata ya makantar da mu ga sauran akidu na mayar da martani ba" tare da nadamar samar da kafa ga kungiyar.[26]

Gurfanar Tarayya ta 2023

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Gidan Uhuru a St. Petersburg, Florida a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2024. Ana sabunta fentin ginin.

A shekarar 2022, APSP da Uhuru sun nuna goyon baya ga mamayar Rasha a gabashin Ukraine,[27][28] [29] wanda suka bayyana a matsayin "yaƙin kare kai da Rasha ke yi da ƙasashen duniya masu mulkin mallaka" da kuma martani mai dacewa ga faɗaɗa NATO.[30][28]

A cikin 2022, mambobin APSP da Uhuru sun halarci taron masu adawa da tsarin duniya a birnin St.[30][31][32] Petersburg, Rasha.[32][33][31]

A cikin shekarar 2022, gwamnati ta fara bincike kan APSP da Uhuru, ciki har da shugaban su Yeshitela, bisa zargin haɗin gwiwa da Aleksandr Viktorovich Ionov wajen yaɗa ra’ayoyin goyon bayan Rasha da kuma haddasa rabuwar kai a Amurka. Ionov ne ya kafa ƙungiyar Anti-Globalization Movement of Russia, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wakilin ƙetare na Rasha ƙarƙashin jagorancin hukumar tsaro ta FSB.[34][35]

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2022, FBI ta mamaye Gidan Uhuru da ke St.[36] Petersburg, Florida, bayan tuhumar da babban alƙalai suka gabatar da zargin cewa akwai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ionov da gungun Uhuru don yaɗa bayanan ƙarya na Rasha a matsayin ƙungiyoyin siyasar cikin gida. Wani jami’in FBI na Tampa ya bayyana cewa, “Abubuwan da suka shafi wannan tuhuma na daga cikin mafi muni da bayyana karara da gwamnatin Rasha ta aikata don kawo rudani da rage amincewa da dimokuraɗiyyar Amurka.”[37][38][39]

APSP ta bayyana wannan mamayar da FBI ta yi a matsayin “martani cike da tsoro daga gwamnatin Amurka bayan ta rasa amincewar jama’a.”

A watan Afrilu 2023, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Amurka ta bayyana gurfanar tarayya da ke zargin APSP da Uhuru da aiki a madadin gwamnatin Rasha ba tare da yin rajista a matsayin wakilin ƙetare ba, bisa dokar FARA.

Jaridar *The Nation* ta bayyana cewa wannan tuhuma daga DOJ wata hanya ce ta murkushe masu fafutukar ’yancin bakar fata ta hanyar amfani da dokar “wakilan ƙasashen waje.” A watan Yuni 2023, Yeshitela ya bayyana a wata hira da Amy Goodman ta Democracy Now! inda ya musanta zargin da ake masa, yana mai cewa wannan wani ƙoƙari ne daga gwamnatin Biden don takaita ’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.[40]

A watan Oktoba 2024, manyan mambobi huɗu na APSP da Uhuru, ciki har da Yeshitela, an same su da laifi a kotun tarayya na ƙulla ƙulla don aiki a matsayin wakilan ƙetare ba tare da rajista ba, a madadin gwamnatin Rasha. An samu mambobin APSP da laifin yin aiki tare da Aleksandr Ionov wajen tsoma baki a zaɓen Amurka da haddasa rabuwar kai.[41]

Sai dai kuma, ba a same su da laifin aiki kai tsaye a matsayin wakilan gwamnatin Rasha ba.[33][31] APSP members were found not guilty of acting as agents of Russia.[2]

A watan Disamba 2024, Yeshitela da wasu mutum biyu daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma sun guje wa ɗaurin kurkuku, inda Alƙalin District William Jung ya yanke musu hukuncin zama a ƙarƙashin kulawa na tsawon shekaru uku.[42]

Jarida

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The Burning Spear Newspaper jarida ne na buga da kuma na intanet, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1968[43] ta Omali Yeshitela a matsayin jarida ga Kungiyar Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO).[44][1][45][46] A cikin wata takardar bayani ta kungiyarsu, JOMO ta bayyana cewa gajeriyar kalmar jomo na nufin mashin mai ƙonewa.[47] Fitowar farko ta The Burning Spear ta fara bugawa ne a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1969.[46] Tun daga shekarar 1972, The Burning Spear yana ƙarƙashin wallafa na APSP. Jaridar ta wallafa ayyukan marubuta masu tasiri daga motsin Black Power, ciki har da Assata Shakur.[48]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "History". African People's Socialist Party. Archived from the original on November 15, 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "St. Petersburg Uhurus guilty of conspiracy, not guilty of acting as Russian agents". Tampa Bay Times (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  3. ↑ "U.S. Citizens Convicted of Conspiring to Act as Illegal Agents of the Russian Government". U.S. Dept. of Justice. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
  4. ↑ Sullivan, Dan (December 16, 2024). "Last 3 defendants in Uhuru-Russian conspiracy case don't get prison". Tampa Bay Times (in Turanci). Times Publishing Company. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  5. ↑ "APSP Constitution – The African People's Socialist Party" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Constitution". African People's Socialist Party.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "War abounds! Break the Silence! Join the Black is Back march on Washington Nov 3rd". uhurunews.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  8. ↑ "Platform". African People's Socialist Party.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Poe2015
  10. ↑ "ASI resolution adopted at Party's First Congress". African Socialist International Website. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  11. ↑ Yeshitela, Omali. "Main Resolution (2004)". asiuhuru.org. African Socialist International. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Araujo
  13. ↑ "Reparations Now! We're Coming for What's Ours!". Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  14. ↑ ROCHEMONICA DAVEYAMY WIMMER, TIM (October 25, 1996). "Violence, fires erupt after police kill driver". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  15. ↑ Jackson, Mike (October 13, 1991). "Group protests handling of man's death at jail". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  16. ↑ Tubbs, Sharon (November 17, 1996). "Marchers attempt to heal the rifts". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  17. ↑ Landry, Sue (October 26, 1996). "Uhurus protest police treatment of blacks". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Uhurus vs. Halloween display". St. Petersburg Times. October 23, 2004.
  19. ↑ "Uhurus went too far in destroying holiday display". St. Petersburg Times. October 23, 2004.
  20. ↑ "Protester Tells Why He Heckled Obama". NPR. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  21. ↑ Miller, Sunlen. "Protesters: "What About The Black Community, Obama?"". ABC News.
  22. ↑ "Israel's Action in Gaza Spurs Anti-Israel Rallies". adl.org. Anti-Defamation League.
  23. ↑ "Dozens march for Mixon, against police", San Francisco Chronicle, March 26, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Calling him a 'true hero', mourners hold vigil for suspected Oakland cop killer Lovelle Mixon", New York Daily News; accessed June 13, 2016.
  25. ↑ Schmidt, Carina (April 30, 2015). "Jusos und CampusGrün: Knatsch im AStA, Zusammenarbeit geplatzt/Streit um Referentin eskaliert". Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  26. ↑ "AStA distanziert sich von der Uhuru-Bewegung". General Students' Committee at the University of Mainz. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015.
  27. ↑ Mazzei, Patricia (2022-07-29). "Russian National Charged With Spreading Propaganda Through U.S. Groups". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Sullivan, Dan; Molloy, Mary Claire; Weber, Natalie (July 29, 2022). "FBI investigating Russian interference possibly linked to St. Petersburg Uhuru Movement". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  29. ↑ "The Burning Spear". Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Russian charged with using US groups to spread propaganda". AP NEWS (in Turanci). 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Black rights activists convicted of conspiracy, not guilty of acting as Russian agents". AP News (in Turanci). 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Office of Public Affairs | U.S. Citizens and Russian Intelligence Officers Charged with Conspiring to Use U.S. Citizens as Illegal Agents of the Russian Government | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov (in Turanci). 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Axelbank, Evan (2024-09-12). "Uhuru group convicted of conspiring with Russian agent, acquitted of acting on behalf of foreign government". FOX 13 News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  34. ↑ "DOJ alleges Russian national used St. Pete-based Uhuru Movement to spread propaganda". wtsp.com. July 29, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Florida political group defends its ties with Russia after FBI alleges they teamed up with Kremlin agents in a 'brazen' attempt to interfere with US elections". www.yahoo.com. 29 July 2022.
  36. ↑ Varughese, Julie (July 31, 2022). "'Tools of Russia': FBI Raid on Black Political Party Seen As Part of 'Black Scare/Red Scare' in United States".
  37. ↑ "St. Petersburg Uhuru members indicted in Russian influence case". Tampa Bay Times (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  38. ↑ "US charges 4 Americans, 3 Russians in election discord case". AP NEWS (in Turanci). 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  39. ↑ "U.S. issues fresh charges over alleged Moscow influence campaign". Reuters (in Turanci). 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  40. ↑ Poirot, Collin P.; Shahshahani, Azadeh (25 April 2023). "The DOJ Is Using "Foreign Agents" Accusations to Repress Black Liberation Organizers". The Nation. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  41. ↑ Video on YouTube
  42. ↑ Sullivan, Dan (December 16, 2024). "Last 3 defendants in Uhuru-Russian conspiracy case don't get prison". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Weekly Challenger
  44. ↑ "Uhuru Movement Dot Org :: Welcome to the Uhuru Movement!". Uhurumovement.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  45. ↑ "Celebrate 40 years of Black Power media - tune in May 5–6 to Uhuru News live". Indybay. 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Celebrate The Burning Spear! 47 years of Revolutionary print!". The Burning Spear. ISSN 0045-3552. Retrieved 2019-09-06.[permanent dead link]
  47. ↑ JOMO Uhuru (Pamphlet). St. Petersburg Florida: Junta of Militant Organizations. 1969. p. 1. OCLC 927307975.
  48. ↑ "Vintage Burning Spear newspaper (1969) on eBay". Assatashakur.org. 2011-07-28. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
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