James Baldwin
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James Arthur Baldwin (Né Jones; Agusta 2, 1924 - 1 ga Disamba, 1987 - Mawallafin ɗan adam da mai fafutukar haƙƙin mallaka ne, da kuma waƙoƙi. Jaridarsa ta 1953 ta je kan dutsen ne mujallar da za a sanya shi ta daya daga cikin manyan maganganun lardin Turanci 100.[1] Bayanan tarin kayansa na 1955 na ɗan ɗan kishiyarsa sun taimaka wajen kafa suna kamar daidaitawar ɗan adam.[2] Baldwin ya kasance wani adadi na jama'a da mai ban sha'awa, musamman musamman a lokacin harkokin kare hakkin dan adam a Amurka.[3][4][5]
Bayanan Baldwin ya haifar da tambayoyi na sirri da kuma rashin daidaituwa game da matsin lamba na zamantakewa da tunani. Jigogi na Markiyanci, jima'i, jima'i, da aji hanzari don ƙirƙirar labarun kare hakkin jama'a waɗanda suka rinjayi duka harkar kare hakkin jama'a da gay 'yanci a tsakiyar karni na 20 Amurka. Masugidan sa suna yawanci amma ba na musamman ba ne na Afirka; Gay da BISEQUE MAI GISE SOUMLE A CIKIN Aikinsa (Kamar yadda a cikin dakinsa na 1956 notoon namu). A haruffansa yawanci fuskantar cikas da na waje a cikin binciken su na waje a cikin binciken su na waje da yarda da kai.[6]
Ayyukan Baldwin na ci gaba da yin tasiri ga masu fasaha da marubuta. Rubutun da bai ƙare ba ya tuna da wannan gidan a matsayin fim ɗin Tarihin 2016 ni ba Negro ba, lashe kyautar Bafrin Bafta don mafi kyawun shirin. A 1974 Noko idan Titin Beale na iya magana a cikin fim na 2018 na wannan sunan, wanda ya sami yabon yabon.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haihuwa da dangi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Baldwin kamar yadda James Arthur Jones zuwa Emma Bordis Jones a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1924, a asibiti na Harlem a New York City.[7] An haife shi a tsibirin Tsibirin, Maryland, a 1903,[8] Emma Jones yana daya daga cikin mutane da nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin kudu a lokacin babban hiport. Ta isa Harlem, New York, lokacin da take dan shekara 19.[9] Baldwin da aka haihuwar ne daga wurin da ake da aure a can. Kada ku manta da mahaifiyarsa mahaifinsa.[9]
Jones asalinsa ya fara kula da ɗanta a matsayin uwa guda.[10] Koyaya, a cikin 1927, Jones aure David Baldwin, wani ma'aikaci mai wa'azi.[11] Davidal Baldwin ya haifi Budcie, Louisiana, da wa'azin a cikin New Ormapoographere, 'yar emma da kuma yadda yahelan''uwar mutumin ne ya gabatar da shi.[12] Emma Baldwin kuma David Baldwin yana da 'ya'ya takwas a shekara goma sha shida-George, Barbara, da Wilometh, da David Jr.[13] James ya dauki sunansa na ƙarshe.[14] Yaro da wuya Yakubu ya rubuta ko ya yi magana game da mahaifiyarsa. Lokacin da ya yi, sai ya bayyana a sarari cewa yana yaba da ƙaunace ta, sau da yawa ta hanyar murmushin ƙauna.[15] Kullum a cikin Harlem. A lokacin, Harlem ya kasance har yanzu wani yanki mai hadewar birni a cikin kwanakin nan na babban ƙaura.[16]
James Baldwin bai san daidai ba nawa Ubansa ya kasance, amma a bayyane yake cewa ya girmi Emma; Tabbas, ana iya haihuwarsa kafin evencation a 1863.[17] Mahaifiyar Dauda, Barbara, an haife shi ba fuskantar wa'azin kuma ya rayu tare da Baldwins a New York a gaban mutuwarta lokacin mutuwarta lokacin da James ke da shekara bakwai.[18] David kuma yana da launin fata-da aka haifi Barbara Kuma wata mata mai suna Barbara, wanda Yakubu da wasu a cikin iyali da ake kira "Tuba Aka haifi mahaifin Dauda bawa.[19] Da Dawuda ya yiuri a baya, yana da 'ya mace, da aƙalla' ya'yan Emma guda biyu da Dawuda, wanda ya mutu alhali majibinci. Sam ya zauna tare da Baldwins na lokaci kuma da zarar ajiyayyu Yakubu daga nutsar da nutsuwa.[20]
James Baldwin ya yi magana da mahaifiyarsa a matsayin "Uba" a rayuwarsa, saboda yana son fina-finai na yau da kullun, saboda cewa "ceton James".[21] A cewar mai bita, Davidal Baldwin shima ya ƙi fararen fararen mutane da kuma "ibada da Allah ya gauraya da shi a kan masana'antar kabad. Kamar yadda fushinsa da ƙiyayya a ƙarshe suka karkatar da wa'azinsa, ba shi da bukatar mai wa'azi. Dauda wani lokaci sai Dauda ya fitar da fushinsa a kan iyalinsa da yaran suna tsoron sa, ko da yake cewa duk wani matakin da aka baiwa wasu matakan da aka baiwa su ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu sun yi daidai da su ta mahaifiyarsu.[22][23]
David Baldwin ya girma paranoid kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa.[24] Ya himmatu ga mafaka mai tunani a shekarar 1943 kuma ya mutu da tarin fuka a ranar 29 na wannan shekarar, wannan ranar Emma ta da karshe, Paula.[25] Yakubu, a kira mahaifiyarsa, ya ziyarci Matarsa Ayuba A wannan rana kafin[26][27] kuma ya zama wani abu na sulhu tare da shi a cikin "Notes na ɗansa". A cikin rubutun, ya rubuta: "A cikin tsananin bukatarsa da kuma kariya da ya fi sonsa kamar haihuwar James, a lokaci guda cewa hargitsi mai karni ya fara.[24]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "All-Time 100 Novels". Time. October 16, 2005. Archived from the original on October 21, 2005
- ↑ About the Author". Take This Hammer (American Masters). US: Channel Thirteen-PBS. November 29, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2020
- ↑ Held, Marcy (August 19, 2011). "James Baldwin: The Writer and the Witness". npg.si.edu. Retrieved January 11, 2022
- ↑ James Baldwin". Poetry Foundation. January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022
- ↑ Natividad|, Ivan (June 19, 2020). "The time James Baldwin told UC Berkeley that Black lives matter". Berkeley News. Retrieved January 11, 2022
- ↑ Gounardoo, Jean-François; Rodgers, Joseph J. (1992). The Racial Problem in the Works of Richard Wright and James Baldwin. Greenwood Press. pp. 158, 148–200.
- ↑ Als, Hilton (February 9, 1998). "The Enemy Within". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- ↑ Tubbs 2021, p. 122
- 1 2 Campbell 2021, p. 3.
- ↑ In his early writing, Baldwin said his father left the South because he reviled the crude vaudeville culture in New Orleans and found it difficult to express his inner strivings. However, Baldwin later said his father departed because "lynching had become a national sport."[11]
- ↑ Tubbs 2021, pp. 243–244
- ↑ Tubbs 2021, p. 248
- ↑ Leeming 1994, p. 20
- ↑ Leeming 1994
- ↑ Campbell 2021, pp. 5–6.
- ↑ Campbell 2021, p. 6
- ↑ Campbell 2021, p. 19; Leeming 1994, p. 23
- ↑ Campbell 2021, p. 5.
- ↑ Leeming 1994
- ↑ Baldwin learned that he was not his father's biological son through overhearing a comment to that effect during one of his parents' conversations late in 1940.[19] He tearfully recounted this fact to Emile Capouya, with whom he went to school.[19]
- ↑ Campbell 2021, p. 8.
- ↑ It is in describing his father's searing hatred of white people that comes one of Baldwin's most noted quotes: "Hatred, which could destroy so much, never failed to destroy the man who hated and this was an immutable law."[22]
- ↑ Tubbs 2021, pp. 351–356
- 1 2 Campbell 2021, p. 7.
- ↑ Leeming 1994, pp. 19, 51
- ↑ Tubbs 2021, pp. 457–458
- ↑ Kenan 1994, pp. 27–28.