James Scullin
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James Henry Scullin (18 ga Satumba 1876 - 28 ga Janairu 1953) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na tara na Australiya daga 1929 zuwa 1932. Ya rike mukamin a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Australian Labor Party (ALP), bayan ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na Australia a lokacin da yake ofis daga 1930 zuwa 1931. Lokacin da yake ofis ya fara ne ta hanyar Hadarin Wall Street na 1929 wanda ya faru ne kawai kwana biyu bayan ya rantse, don haka ya sanar da farkon Babban Mawuyacin hali a Ostiraliya. Scullin ya kasance jagora a cikin ƙungiyar Labor a duk rayuwarsa, kuma ya kasance mai daraja a wurare daban-daban ga jam'iyyar har sai da ya yi ritaya daga majalisar tarayya a 1949. Shi ne Katolika na farko da ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista.
Dan ma'aikatan Irish-baƙi, Scullin ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa ta farko a matsayin ma'aikaci da mai sayarwa a Ballarat. Mai koyar da kansa kuma mai muhawara mai sha'awa, Scullin ya yi amfani da mafi yawan kayan aikin Ballarat - ɗakin karatu na jama'a da Kudancin Street Debating Society. Ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labor Party ta Australia a cikin 1903, ya fara aiki na tsawon shekaru hamsin. Ya kasance mai shirya siyasa da editan jarida na jam'iyyar, kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya da farko a 1910 sannan kuma a 1922 har zuwa 1949. Scullin da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin jagora a majalisa, da sauri ya tashi ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar a 1927 sannan kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a 1928.
Bayan da Scullin ya lashe zaben da aka yi a shekarar 1929, abubuwan da suka faru sun canza canji mai ban mamaki tare da rikicin Wall Street da kuma saurin farawar Babban Mawuyacin hali a duniya, wanda ya shafi bashin Australia sosai. Scullin da Mai ba da kuɗi Ted Theodore sun amsa ta hanyar haɓaka tsare-tsare da yawa a cikin 1930 da 1931 don biyan bashin ƙasashen waje, samar da taimako ga manoma da ƙirƙirar haɓaka tattalin arziki don hana rashin aikin yi bisa ga kashe kuɗi da fadada manufofin kuɗi. Kodayake Juyin Juya Halin Keynesian zai ga waɗannan ra'ayoyin da yawancin ƙasashen Yamma suka karɓa a ƙarshen shekaru goma, a cikin 1931 an ɗauki irin waɗannan ra'ayi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma yawancin waɗanda suka ji tsoron hauhawar farashi da lalacewar tattalin arziki sun yi tsayayya da tsare-tsaren. Har yanzu Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya da ke da rinjaye na adawa, da kuma kwamitocin da ke da iko da mazan jiya na Bankin Commonwealth da Majalisar Lance, sun toshe tsare-tsaren akai-akai.
An haifi Scullin a Trawalla, Victoria a ranar 18 ga Satumba 1876. Iyayensa, John da Ann (née Logan) Scullin, duka Katolika ne na Irish daga County Londonderry . Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a cikin shekaru 20. Mahaifiyarsa ta bi mijinta a Ostiraliya daga baya.[1] James shi ne na huɗu cikin yara takwas, kuma ya girma a cikin gidan Katolika mai ƙarfi. James ya halarci Makarantar Jihar Trawalla daga 1881 zuwa 1887 kuma ya sami suna na farko a matsayin yaro mai aiki da sauri, kodayake bai taɓa samun ƙarfi a jiki ba. Wadannan halaye za su kasance tare da shi har abada.[1]
Iyalin sun koma Dutsen Rowan, Ballarat, a 1887, kuma saurayi James ya halarci makaranta a Makarantar Jihar Mount Rowan har zuwa 12.[2] Bayan haka ya gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban a cikin gundumar Ballarat har zuwa kimanin 1900, kuma na tsawon shekaru goma daga 1900 ya gudanar da shagon kayan masarufi a Ballarat.[2] A tsakiyar shekarunsa na 20 ya halarci makarantar dare, ya kasance mai karatu mai son karatu kuma ya zama ɗan koyo.[1] Ya shiga kungiyoyi da yawa kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan asalin Australiya da Ƙungiyar Matasan Katolika, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban wannan. Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren mai muhawara, yana shiga cikin gasa na gida kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar muhawara ta Ballarat South Street kusan kusan shekaru 30, wanda zai tabbatar da sha'awarsa da baiwarsa a siyasa.[1] Scullin ya kasance mai ibada na Roman Katolika, wanda ba mai shan giya ba kuma wanda ba mai sigari ba duk rayuwarsa.[3]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ma'aikatar Scullin
- Yunkurin zaman lafiya a Ostiraliya