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Jamusanci Yammacin Afirka

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Jamusanci Yammacin Afirka
colony (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na German colonial empire (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Deutsches Kaiserreich (mul) Fassara
Lokacin farawa 1884
Lokacin gamawa 1919

Jamusanci ta Yammacin Afirka (Deutsch-Westafrika) alama ce ta al'ada ga yankunan da ke Yammacin Afríku waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus tsakanin shekarar 1884 da 1919. Ana amfani da kalmar ne don yankunan Kamaru da Togo. Jamusanci ta Yammacin Afirka ba ta da ƙungiyar gudanarwa. Koyaya, a cikin kasuwanci da kuma a cikin yaren ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta.

Sha'awar Jamus a Yammacin Afirka kafin 1884

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Taswirar 1885 da ke nuna sha'awar Jamus a Yammacin Afirka (Kapitaï da Koba sun bayyana a matsayin 'Dubrica')

Sha'awar Jamus a Yammacin Afirka ta kasance daga ƙarni na 17 da 18, lokacin da Duchy na Courland da Brandenburg-Prussia suka kafa garu da wuraren kasuwanci a yankin. Bayan 1720 babu kasancewar Jamusanci a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, lokacin da kamfanonin kasuwanci na Jamus ciki har da C. Woermann, Jantzen & Thormählen, Wölber & Brohm da GL Gaiser suka zama masu aiki a bakin tekun Yammacin Afrika. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Jamus, irin su Ƙungiyar Wa'azi a Sashen Arewacin Jamus, suma sun kasance daga tsakiyar karni na 19.[1]

A farkon shekarun 1880 sha'awar Jamus a Yammacin Afirka ta kunshi:

  • Tashoshin kasuwanci a daga Guinea ta zamani a Kapitaï da Koba wanda Friedrich Colin [de] ke sarrafawa[de]
  • Tashoshin kasuwanci a Togo ta zamani a Baguida da Little Popo tun daga 1857
  • Matsayi na kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyi tare da sarakunan ƙauyukan bakin teku a Kamaru ta zamani, gami da Bimbia, Malimba, Batanga, Kribi. Akwai wuraren kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyi na Jamus a ƙasar Mutanen Duala, a Akwa-Town, Bell-Town da Dido-Town، wanda kuma yana da irin wannan shirye-shirye tare da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya da sauran' yan kasuwa na Turai.

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Faransa ta 1882 ta haifar da damuwa tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na Hamburg cewa za a yi barazanar bukatunsu, kuma sun fara neman kariya daga Daular Jamus don ayyukansu.: 32-34 A lokaci guda yayin da aka kafa bukatun kasuwanci na Jamus a Yammacin Afirka ke neman tallafin gwamnati da na sojan ruwa, yunkurin zamantakewa da ke goyon bayan mulkin mallaka yana samun ƙasa. An kafa Jamusanci Colonial Society ("Deutscher Kolonialverein") a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1882, a Frankfurt da Main tare da Hermann, Yarima na Hohenlohe-Langenburg a matsayin shugabanta na farko, kuma nan da nan yana da kusan mambobi 15,000.

Kwamishinan Daular Afirka ta Yamma

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Da'awar Turai a Yammacin Afirka 1885: Rivières du Sud da Kapitaï & Koba sun yi jayayya tsakanin Jamus da Faransa.

Shugaba Otto von Bismarck ya nemi ra'ayoyi game da yiwuwar shiga tsakani na Jamus a Yammacin Afirka daga majalisar dattijai na Lübeck, Hamburg da Bremen. A mayar da martani, Woermann ya mika wuya ga shirye-shiryen Shugaban kasa don kafa mulkin mallaka na kasuwanci na Jamus da Yammacin Afirka a 1883, wanda Bismarck ya fara karɓa tare da wasu ajiya.[2] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1883 gwamnati ta dauki mataki don kare 'yan kasuwa na Jamus ta hanyar aikawa da Kwamishinan Daular Afirka ta Yamma don shiga yarjejeniyoyi tare da sarakunan yankin.:35

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1884 Bismarck ya yanke shawarar nada Gustav Nachtigal a matsayin Kwamishinan Imperial. Manufarsa ita ce ta tashi a bakin tekun Atlantika na nahiyar, don bincikawa da gwada ikirarin Jamus da ke akwai a yankin, kuma inda zai yiwu a kafa sabbin. Shirin Bismarck shine ya yi amfani da yarjejeniyar Nachitigal don kafa ikon mallakar Jamus a kan manyan yankuna a Yammacin Afirka, wanda za a gudanar da shi ta hanyar kai tsaye, tare da gudanarwa da kamfanin kasuwanci ya fi gudanarwa.:39

A watan Yunin 1884 Nachtigal ya isa Sangareya bay da Tsibirin Los a cikin jirgin ruwa na Möwe . Ya aika da wata ƙungiya zuwa bakin teku don neman yarjejeniyoyi tare da sarakunan Kapitaï da Koba, [3] amma a lokacin da ya isa shugabannin yankin sun riga sun cimma yarjejeniya da Faransa, kuma ba sa so su sanya hannu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyi. [4] Nachtigal sabili da haka ya tashi zuwa wuraren kasuwanci na Jamus a kan Bight na Benin .

A ranar 5 ga Yulin 1884 Nachtigal ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Mlapa III, mai mulkin Togo (ƙauyen da aka sani a yau da Togoville) wanda ya kafa mai kariya ta Jamus a kan wani yanki na bakin teku. Wannan ya zama tushen mulkin mallaka na Jamus na gaba na Togoland. A ranar 14 ga Yulin 1884, Nachtigal ya ɗaga tutar Jamus a Garin Bell kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da ke sanyawa a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Jamus yankunan da suka zama mulkin mallaka na Kameru . : 41 Ya shafe wasu makonni yana ziyartar tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a kusa da Bight na Biafra kafin ya tashi zuwa kudu zuwa Gabon, Angola da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka. Ya koma Kamerun a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1884 da kuma Neja Delta a watan Janairun shekara ta 1885. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1885 ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya wacce ta kawo Mahinland karkashin kariya ta Jamus. Bayan wannan Nachtigal ya fara tafiyarsa ta dawowa Jamus amma ya kama zazzabin cizon sauro kuma ya mutu a bakin tekun Guinea a watan Afrilu.[5]

Rundunar Afirka ta Yamma, 1884-85

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SMS Olga a lokacin da aka kai hari kan Hickorytown (Douala), 21 ga Disamba 1884
Harin Belltown ta hanyar saukowa daga SMS Olga, Disamba 1884 (nuni na Carl Saltzmann, 1885)

Bayan Nachtigal ya kammala aikinsa na kafa haƙƙin Jamus a Yammacin Afirka, akwai buƙatar tallafin sojan ruwa don ƙarfafa su. A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1884, Sarkin sarakuna Wilhelm na I da umarni don kafa rundunar sojan Afirka ta Yamma a karkashin umurnin Babban Jami'in Admiralty, Rear Admiral Eduard von Knorr . Rundunar ta kunshi jiragen ruwa SMS Bismarck (flagship), SMS Gneisenau, SMS Ariadne, SMS Olga da Adler. Rundunar ta tashi zuwa Yammacin Afirka a ranar 30 ga Oktoba. Lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Cape Verde, ya aika Ariadne zuwa Laberiya da bakin tekun Guinea kuma an aika Gneisenau zuwa Gabashin Afirka. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, Bismarck da Olga sun isa Kogin Kamaru.

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin ƙungiyar ta isa, an ƙone ƙauyen shugaban Manga Ndumbe Bell, wanda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Nachtigal, kuma an cire tutar Jamus. Admiral Knorr ya yanke shawarar shiga tsakani nan da nan kuma ya aika da ƙungiyoyin sauka a bakin teku don lalata ƙauyukan 'yan tawaye da kuma kama shugabanninsu. An yi amfani da jiragen ruwa guda biyu na bakin teku, Fan da Dualla a matsayin jirgin saukowa don kawo sojoji 307 a bakin teku a Hickorytown a ranar 20 ga Disamba. Jam'iyyar da ta sauka ta sami labari cewa masu tayar da kayar baya a bankin da ke gaba sun kai hari kan masana'antun Jantzen & Thormählen kuma sun kwashe manajojin su, kuma sun mamaye garin Joss don kokarin dawo da su. Kashegari Olga ta tashi a kan kogi a kan hauhawar ruwa kuma ta jefa bam a kauyuka na yankin. Kungiyar saukowa ta koma jiragensu a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba. Olga, tare da Rear Admiral Knorr a cikin jirgin, ya kasance a yankin da aka yi tawaye da Jamusanci. An dawo da kwanciyar hankali a hankali; a watan Janairun 1885 tashin hankali ya ƙare kuma a watan Maris an mika mai kisan manajan masana'antar don kisa.

A ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1885, jirgin ruwa na SMS <i id="mw0g">Habicht</i> ya isa don maye gurbin Olga a tashar ta dindindin a cikin kogi, ya ba Olga damar komawa gida tare da Adler. A halin yanzu, Bismarck ya tashi da sauka a bakin tekun, yana ɗaga tutar Jamus a wurare da yawa. Bayan isowar Gwamna na farko na Kamerun, Julius von Soden a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1885, Bismarck ya karɓi umarni don tafiya zuwa Gabashin Afirka yayin da jirgin ruwa na Cyclop ya ɗauki matsayinsa a matsayin jirgin ruwa na biyu a tashar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan zaman lafiya na rikice-rikicen kabilanci da tashin hankali a yankin da ke karkashin kariya ta Jamus, an rushe Squadron na Afirka ta Yamma a watan Yulin 1885.

Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 1885 an umarci Kyaftin [[:de:Karl Paschen|daga]Karl Paschen [de] ya sake kafa ƙungiyar tare da SMS Stosch, SMS Prinz Adalbert da SMS Gneisenau, waɗanda aka tura a ƙarƙashin Rear Admiral Knorr a Gabashin Afirka, kuma ya koma bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin taron, buƙatun da yawa akan ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Jamus sun nuna cewa a lokacin da suka isa Cape Town, an umarci </nowikiGneisenau ya koma Gabashin Afirka, ya bar Yarima Adalbert da Stosch kawai su ci gaba zuwa Yammacin Afirka kafin su koma Jamus, kuma an rushe ƙungiyar Afirka ta Yamma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1885. Bayan wannan rundunar sojan ruwa ta Imperial ta Jamus ta kafa tashar Afirka ta Yamma, tana rufe yankin teku a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yankin. An sanya jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na sabbin yankunan Jamus.[6]

Taron Yammacin Afirka da gyare-gyaren yanki

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Hoton Bismarck yana raba Afirka a Taron Berlin, 1885

Bayan da ta yi ikirarin ta tare da Nachtigal kuma ta goyi bayan su tare da rundunar sojan ruwa ta hanyar aikawa da Squadron na Yammacin Afirka, Jamus ta buƙaci samun amincewar kasa da kasa game da matsayinta a yankin. Bismarck ya yi imanin cewa sayen yankuna, yayin da yake da tsada kuma babu ainihin tattalin arziki ko soji, yana da fa'ida dangane da samun ikon ciniki tare da wasu gwamnatoci.[7] Manufar manufofinsa na kasashen waje ita ce tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da za ta sanya bincike kan babbar 'mulkin da ba a sani ba' wanda Burtaniya ta gina. Tare da goyon bayan Faransa, sabili da haka, ya shirya taron a Berlin wanda zai sanya abubuwan da Jamus ta samu a Afirka a kan tushe da aka amince da shi a duniya kuma zai kafa ka'idojin da duk iko za su bi a nan gaba yayin da suke da'awar yankin a nahiyar.

Taron Berlin (wanda aka sani da 'Taron Yammacin Afirka' [8] [9] ko 'Taron Kongo') ya taru a watan Nuwamba 1884, kuma ya kasance a zaman har zuwa Fabrairu 1885.[10] Dokar Janar ta taron ba ta ambaci Togo, Kamerun ko wani takamaiman yanki ban da kwarin Kongo ba.[11] Duk da haka, taron ya tabbatar da matakan da ake buƙata don masu iko su amince da ikirarin yankin juna a Yammacin Afirka - matakan da Nachtigal ya bi. Tare da da'awar da wasu masu iko suka yi, an amince da'awar Jamus a Afirka ta Yamma ta hanyar taron. A layi daya tare da manyan zaman taron, an bi tattaunawa wanda aka yi niyya don kauce wa yiwuwar rikici ta hanyar warware da'awar da aka yi da kuma fara bayyana iyakoki.[12] Watanni biyu kawai bayan taron Berlin, a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1885, Jamus ta kammala yarjejeniya da Ingila wanda ya kafa iyakoki a kusa da Dutsen Kamaru. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1886, wani yarjejeniya ta tsawaita iyakar zuwa gabas. Yarjejeniya tare da Faransa a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1885, ta daidaita Kogin Campo a matsayin iyakar kudancin Kamerun.

Yayin da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin kan iyaka suka ci gaba, Jamus ta watsar da wasu da'awarta don karfafa matsayinta a Togoland da Kamerun. Don haka a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1885, Mahinland ya zo ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya don dawo da diyya ga Jamus.[13] A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1885 aka ba da Kapitaï da Koba ga Faransa don biyan diyya a Togo.

A cikin 1884 wani balaguro karkashin jagorancin dagaEduard Schulze ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa mulkin mallaka na Jamus kusa da Nokki a kan Kongo, amma bai sami goyon bayan hukuma ba.[14][15] Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Duniya ta amince da da'awar Jamus, wanda ba a taɓa bayyana iyakokinta ba. Koyaya a Taron Berlin Bismarck ya ba da haƙƙin Jamusanci a Nokki ga Portugal .

Duk da yake taron Berlin ya fi damuwa da Kongo, akwai gasa tsakanin Jamus, Faransa da Burtaniya don haƙƙin Nijar, muhimmiyar hanyar da za a mallaki yankin. Duk da gazawar dagaGottlieb Leonhard Gaiser [de]"s venture a Mahinland, 'yan kasuwa na Jamus har yanzu suna son samun damar shiga cikin Nejar ba tare da haraji ba. Binciken Benue na daga aPaul Staudinger [de] a cikin 1885/86 ya nemi kafa dangantaka da Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar ]], amma wannan bai haifar da zama ko kariya ba. Hakazalika yunkurin Friedrich Colin na isa ga kogin Nijar daga Guinea bai yi nasara ba bayan da Jamus ta amince da ba da Kapitaï da Koba (wanda aka fi sani da 'Colinsland') ga Faransa.

A cikin 1894/95 wani balaguro da Kwamitin Togo ya tallafawa kuma daga]Hans Gruner ya jagoranci ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami yankuna ga Jamus a tsakiyar yankin Nijar. Gruner da abokinsa daga]-linkid="257" -Ernst von Carnap-Quernheimb [de] sun yi tafiya a Nijar kuma sun kammala "yarjejeniyar kariya" tare da shugabannin Gwandu da Gulmu [de] [de] .[1] Koyaya wakilan Faransa da Burtaniya sun sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da shugabannin</nowiki>

Yankin Lokacin Yankin (kimanin)
Yawan jama'a (kimanin)
Kasashe na yanzu
Altkamerun (ba tare da arewa maso gabas ba)
1884–1919 488,000 km2 (Ba tare da "Entenschnabel")  
 2,588,000  Kamaru
 Nijeriya
Ambasbay/Victoria 1887–1919 ? 12,000  Kamaru
Entenschnabel 1894–1911 12,000 km2  ?  Kamaru
 Chadi
Kapitaï da Koba 1884–1885 2,310 km2  35,000  Guinea
Ƙasar Mahinland 1885 5,2 km2  10,000  Nijeriya
Neukamerun (Deutsch-Kongo)
1911–1919 2,000 km2  2,000,000  
 
 
 
Yankin Salaga (Gabas) 1899–1919 2,800 km2  ?  Ghana
Togo 1884–1919 87,2 km2 (Ciki har da Yankin Salaga na Gabas)  
 1,000,000  Ghana
 Togo
Jimillar 879,510 km2  5,645,000

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Blackshire-Belay, Carol Aisha (1992). "German Imperialism in Africa: The Distorted Images of Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania, and Togo". Journal of Black Studies. 23 (2): 235–246. doi:10.1177/002193479202300207. JSTOR 2784532. S2CID 141534668.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ "Kamerun". deutsche-schutzgebiete.de. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2019.[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ Holzhaider, Hans (2017). "Ein Bayer im Auftrag Seiner Majestät". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  5. ↑ Priesner, Claus. "Nachtigal, Gustav". deutsche-biographie.de. Neue Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  6. ↑ "Flottenstationen". ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de. Frankfurt University. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  7. ↑ Evans, Richard J. "The Scramble for Africa". gresham.ac.uk. Gresham College. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  8. ↑ Porter, Andrew (1985). "The Berlin West Africa conference of 1884–85 revisited: A report". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 14 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1080/03086538508582705.
  9. ↑ "Berlin West Africa Conference". Britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  10. ↑ (Kwame Anthony ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ "General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa, 26 February 1885" (PDF). sdsu.edu. San Diego State University. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  12. ↑ Craven, Matthew (2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade" (PDF). London Review of International Law. 3 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002.
  13. ↑ Schüßler, W. "Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte". pom.bbaw.de. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  14. ↑ von Freeden, W., ed. (1885). "Hansa. Zeitschrift für Seewesen". p. 23. Archived from the original on 2015-06-09. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  15. ↑ von Koschitzky, Max (1888). "Deutsche Colonialgeschichte". Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. pp. 323ff. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
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