Janet Macmurdoch
 Janet Macmurdoch | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Mutuwa | 1671 |
| Sana'a | |
Janet Macmurdoch (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Janet McMurdoche, McMuldroch, McMultritche a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce) mace ce ta Scotland da aka gwada kuma aka kashe ta don maita a Dumfries a cikin shekara ta 1671.[1][2] An zarge ta da haifar da lahani ta hanyar maita, wani nau'in zargi da aka sani da maleficium, a lokacin tsanantawar maita a kudu maso yammacin Scotland.[3]
Zarge-zarge, shari'a da kisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Macmurdoch ba, yayin da bayanan da suka tsira suka fi mayar da hankali kan shari'arta. Zargin da aka yi wa Macmurdoch ya mayar da hankali ne kan ikirarin cewa bayan jayayya ko jayayya da maƙwabta, masifu ya biyo bayan mutane sun yi rashin lafiya, kuma dabbobi sun mutu.[4] Wadannan zarge-zargen sun kasance na al'amuran maita a yankinta, inda "maleficium" (harin sihiri) sau da yawa ya haɗu da tuhumar al'umma da tsegumi.[4]
An gwada Macmurdoch a lokaci guda da wata mace, Elspeth Thomson . Dangane da bayanan shari'ar (matsalar T / LA/1162), an same su duka biyu da laifi. Shari'ar ba ta yi rikodin duk wani ikirari na yau da kullun ba, azabtarwa, ko gwaje-gwaje, wanda ke nufin yanke shawara galibi ya dogara ne akan abin da shaidu suka ce.[5]
Wani takarda da ya tsira daga Mayu 1671 ya nuna cewa an yanke wa Janet "McMuldroch" da Elspeth Thomson hukuncin kisa a Dumfries. Umurnin ya ce za a kai su wurin kisa tsakanin 2 da 4 da yamma a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1671. Har ila yau, ya ce za a "ƙuntata" su sannan a ƙone su a kan gungume, [3] wanda shine hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don kashe mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin maita a Scotland a wannan lokacin.
Tarihin tarihi da muhimmancinsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shari'a da kisa na McMuldroch ya faru ne a kudu maso yammacin Scotland, a kusa da Dumfries da Galloway, inda mutane har yanzu suna jin tsoron mayu.[4]
A lokacin, a ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s, mutane galibi suna zargin rashin sa'a, dabbobi marasa lafiya, ko jayayya da maƙwabta game da maita. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata, an zarge su kuma an hukunta su saboda waɗannan tsoro.[6]
Shari'ar Janet McMuldroch ta nuna yadda sauƙin fada, jita-jita, da tsoro a cikin al'umma na iya haifar da zarge-zarge masu kisa, koda kuwa babu wata hujja ko ikirari. Har ila yau, ya ba masana tarihi hoto game da yadda gwajin maƙaryaci ya yi aiki a yankunan karkara na Scotland: jayayya, tsegumi, ko rashin sa'a sau da yawa sun isa su sami wani hukunci.[1] Saboda shari'arta, ana tunawa da McMuldroch a matsayin daya daga cikin mata da yawa daga wannan lokacin da kuma wurin da aka zarge su kuma aka hukunta su da maita, suna mai da labarinta wani ɓangare na tarihin tsoro da tsanantawa a farkon zamani na Scotland.[2]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Speech, Sexuality, and Witchcraft in Modern Scotland – Atmostfear Entertainment" (in Turanci). 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2025-12-02.
- ↑ Dye, Sierra Rose (2012-10-04). "To Converse with the Devil? Speech, Sexuality, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland". International Review of Scottish Studies. 37. doi:10.21083/irss.v37i0.1950. ISSN 1923-5763.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Future Museum". Future Museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-12-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Henderson, Lizanne (April 2006). "The Survival of Witchcraft Prosecutions and Witch Belief in South-West Scotland". The Scottish Historical Review. 85 (1): 52–74. doi:10.3366/shr.2006.0015. ISSN 0036-9241. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ "Speech, Sexuality, and Witchcraft in Modern Scotland – Atmostfear Entertainment" (in Turanci). 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2025-12-02.