Jengu
 Jengu | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | water spirit (en)  |
jengu (pl. miengu, wanda kuma ake kira bisima) Ruhun ruwa ne a cikin al'adu gargajiya na kungiyoyin Sawabantu na Kamaru, kamar Duala, Bakweri, Malimba, Subu, Bakoko, da Oroko. Daga cikin Bakweri, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce liengu (jama'a: maengu). Miengu suna kama da bisimbi (singular: simbi) a cikin Ruhaniya ta Bakongo da Mamba Muntu, wanda ke cikin al'adun Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya da yawa.
An bayyana su a matsayin ruhohi masu kama da mermaid, suna zaune a cikin koguna da teku, suna kawo sa'a ga waɗanda ke bauta musu. Hakanan suna iya warkar da cututtuka kuma suna aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin masu bautar da duniyar ruhohi. Saboda wannan dalili, ƙungiyar jengu ta daɗe tana jin daɗin shahara tsakanin mutanen Duala. Daga cikin Bakweri, wannan ƙungiyar kuma muhimmiyar bangare ce na al'adar yarinya ta shiga cikin mace.
Ruhun ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanan miengu ya bambanta da ƙabilanci, amma yawanci ana cewa suna da kyau, halittu masu kama da mermaid tare da dogon gashi da kyawawan hakora.
Bangaskiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ruhin gargajiya na mutanen da ke magana da Sawabantu a bakin tekun Kamaru, jengu (pl. miengu) ruhin ruwa ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin duniyar zahiri ta masu rai da duniyar ruhaniya ta kakannin. [1] Ana cewa suna zaune a teku, koguna da tafkuna na Kamaru. [2] Kamar simbi a addinin Kongo, ana ganin jengu a matsayin mai kula da duniyar halitta [2] wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagora na ruhaniya kuma yana sarrafa makomar mutane, ko muntu, da dabbobi a hanyoyin ruwa na Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Saboda Miengu suna da alaƙa da ƙaddara, an kuma yi imanin cewa suna kawo sa'a mai kyau ga waɗanda ke girmamawa su. A sakamakon haka, mutanen Sawabantu suna ba da hadayu ga ruhohin miengu kuma suna gudanar da bukukuwa masu ban sha'awa don girmama su Wadannan bukukuwan suna ƙayyadewa ne daga iyalai masu mulki, waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar siyasa ce da ake kira Ngondo. Da zarar Ngondo sun bayyana cewa za a fara Bikin jengu, sai masu sihiri na jengu su tattara hadaya daga ƙauyuka. An kira shi banganga a cikin al'adun Kongo, mutanen Sawabantu suna da kwararru na jengu, ko "firistocin duniya," waɗanda ke tafiya ta hanyar horo mai zurfi don koyon ainihin al'adun fahimta da sadarwa tare da miengu.[2] A daren kafin bukukuwan, waɗannan kwararru suna gudanar da bikin mai tsarki a tsibirin Jebalé a cikin Kogin Wouri. Kashegari, sun nuna haraji ga shugabannin Duala, waɗanda ke jagorantar Ngondo, a wani bikin jama'a a bakin rairayin bakin teku. Bayan Ngondo ya ga harajin, kwararren jengu ya yi iyo da hadaya mai zurfi a karkashin ruwa, inda suka gabatar da shi ga miengu a madadin shugabannin.[2] Daga baya kwararren ya dawo tare da saƙon annabci daga miengu game da shekara mai zuwa. [2][1]
Addinin Jengu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duala da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa suna riƙe da addinin jengu da muhimmancin gaske. Wataƙila addinin ya samo asali ne daga mutane da ke yamma, mai yiwuwa Ijo, sannan ya wuce daga mutane zuwa mutane, ya kai ga Batanga a mafi yawan gabas. A cikin kwanakin farko, bautar jengu ta kasance a kan ruhohin ruwa a matsayin tushen kyaututtuka huɗu: crayfish, ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama a ɗayan yankuna mafi zafi a duniya, nasara a cikin tseren jirgin ruwa, da kariya daga annoba ta cuta. Daga cikin Duala da ya dace, an tanada membobin ne ga "yanci" (mai tsabta) Duala, wani sharadi wanda har ma ya cire membobin babbar dangin Akwa saboda daya daga cikin kakanninsu shine mace Longasse (ƙungiyar kabilun Kamaru a cikin Gundumar Sanaga-Maritime a yankin Littoral). Binciken da 'yan kasuwa da masu bincike na Turai suka yi ya tabbatar da cewa bautar jengu ta kafu sosai a farkon karni na 19. masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na farko sun gaza a ƙoƙarin su na murkushe shi.[1]
Har yanzu addinin yana aiki a lardunan Littoral da Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru. Dukansu maza da mata sun cancanci shiga, kodayake wannan budewa na iya zama ci gaba ne na baya-bayan nan. Bautar Jengu da farko namiji ne a cikin Duala, Malimba da ya dace, amma a cikin Bakweri, a gefe guda, addinin ya fi dacewa da mata.[1]
Bukukuwan da bukukuwan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bautar Jengu tana kan wata ƙungiya ta sirri da wani mutum da ake kira ekale ke jagoranta. Wannan mutumin yana sanye da abin rufe fuska a duk tarurruka, kodayake wannan al'ada duk ya mutu a tsakiyar karni na 20. Kowane mutum na iya rokon miengu, duk da haka, kuma al'adu da suka fi sauƙi ba su da komai sai addu'o'i ko hadayu ga alloli kafin kamun kifi ko tafiya ta ruwa.[1]
Masu bautar jengu na farko sun yi al'ada a cikin jiragen ruwa a kan Kogin Wouri, yankunan da ke kusa da shi, da kuma tsibirai da ke kusa. Mutumin zai fara ado da kayan ado na bikin, cape, skirt, da kuma kawunansu na raffia fronds, kuma yana ɗauke da dabino da katako na katako. Daga nan sai ya kira miengu kuma ya miƙa musu hadayu na abinci da abin sha. Zai iya ziyartar wani Wuri mai tsarki na jengu a kan Wouri.[1]
Yawancin bautar jengu suna da alaƙa da warkarwa da magani, kuma ana kiran miengu lokacin da warkarwar al'ada ta kasa. Misali, likitan jengu na iya kula da mai haƙuri ta hanyar fara yanka zakara da awaki. Daga nan sai ya ba da magani mai saurin amai kuma ya ɗaga karamin kujerar a kan mai haƙuri. Wanda aka yi masa magani dole ne ya bi jerin taboos. Daga cikin Bakweri, wannan al'ada an san ta da Liengu la Vafea . [1]
Babban bikin miengu a yau shine bikin Ngondo na shekara-shekara a Douala, wanda aka fara gudanarwa a shekarar 1949. A daren da ya gabata kafin bikin ya ƙare, membobin ƙungiyar jengu suna gudanar da bikin sirri a tsibirin Jebale a kan Wouri. A can suna yin hadaya ga ruhohin ruwa kuma suna shirya kunshin kyaututtuka. Kashegari, ana gabatar da wannan hadaya ga miengu yayin bikin jama'a a bakin rairayin bakin teku kusa da Douala. Ɗaya daga cikin membobin addinin ya nutse cikin teku tare da kyautar kuma ya zauna a ƙasa har sai da zai yiwu. Bayan haka, ya dawo da sako daga miengu game da shekara mai zuwa.[1]
Ƙarshen bikin Wiñess shine ƙungiyar jengu . Inda mai nutsewa na gargajiya ya shiga cikin kogi a karkashin kulawar sarakunan gargajiya. Wannan mai kula da al'ada wanda ba a bayyana ba, tare da mace da maza biyu, ya shiga jirgin ruwa. Daga nan sai ya nutse a tsakiyar kogi kuma ya zauna a ƙarƙashin ruwa na minti uku zuwa goma. An yi imanin cewa ya ziyarci mulkin kakanninsu (ruhohi) a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Ya dawo tare da labarai game da magajin shugabancin Wiñess da kuma saƙo mai lamba daga alloli na ƙasar a cikin calabash. Ɗaya daga cikin asiri na wannan al'ada shine cewa calabash, wanda mai nutsewa ke riƙewa yayin da ya sake fitowa daga ƙarƙashin kogi, ya bushe.[1]
Ƙaddamarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan da mutanen Bakweri na Dutsen Kamaru ke kiyayewa suna zama misali na irin wannan al'ada tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin bakin teku.[1]
Zuwa ga bakin tekun, Bakweri suna yin manyan bukukuwan shigarwa guda biyu. A cikin Liengu la Ndiva, membobin ƙungiyar suna ɗaukar ƙwaƙwalwa ko faduwa a matsayin alamar cewa yarinya tana shirye don shigarwa. Wani memba na ƙungiyar ya yi magana da ita a cikin Harshen asiri na liengu, kuma idan ta fahimci kowanne daga cikinsu, mai warkarwa na gargajiya ya fara bukukuwan farawa. Yarinyar dole ne ta zauna a ɓoye na watanni da yawa, a lokacin da dole ne ta bi tsananin tsari na tabo kuma tana iya ganin wahayi ruhohi. Ta kuma sami Sunan sirri kuma tana koyarwa a cikin harshen sirri na liengu. A ƙarshe, mai warkarwa ya sake ta cikin kulawar ƙungiyar maza masu ƙarfi da mata da yawa suna raira waƙa a cikin harshen liengu. Maza suna juyawa suna ɗauke da ita har sai ta kai tsakiyar rafi. A can, mai warkarwa ya jefa ta cikin, ya sa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar. A halin yanzu, wasu membobin ƙungiyar suna ƙoƙari su kama wani crab daga cikin ruwa, saboda wannan dabba tana wakiltar ruhun liengu. Sabon memba ya kasance, duk da haka, kuma dole ne ta zauna a ɓoye na wasu watanni. A ƙarshe, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da biki don girmama ta, kuma farawa ya zo ƙarshe. Dukan tsari yana ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangare na shekara.[1]
Wani al'ada na Bakweri shine Liengu da Mongbango . Idan yarinya ta ɓace cikin daji, danginta mata suna ƙoƙarin bin diddigin ta ta hanyar raira mata waƙa a cikin yaren liengu da ɗaukar alamar addini da aka yi da wicker. Lokacin da suka same ta, sai suka ɓoye ta na watanni da yawa (baƙi na iya ziyarta, duk da haka). Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta shirya biki ga yarinyar. Ita da mai tallafawa sai su shiga cikin daji su kaɗai. Mai farawa yana sanye da kayan gargajiya na gargajiya na fern fronds kuma yana shafa jikinta da jan camwood. Daga nan aka kai ta ƙauyen da aka ɗaure a tsakiyar dogon igiya. Kungiyoyi biyu suna yin yaƙi a kanta har sai igiyar ta fashe, kuma ta fadi. Mambobin addinin sun kira ta sau tara a cikin harshen liengu, wanda ya sa ta tashi tsaye. Bayan 'yan makonni na taboos, mai warkarwa na gargajiya ya wanke ta a cikin rafi, kuma farawa ta ƙare. Wannan tsari kuma yana ɗaukar mafi yawan shekara guda.
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- The Deep, wani labari na Rivers Solomon, ya ƙunshi al'adun Black American na mutane masu kama da mermaid, waɗanda ake kira wajinru a cikin labarin. Sun fito ne daga matan Afirka masu juna biyu waɗanda aka jefa su cikin jirgin ruwa ko kuma da gangan suka tsalle daga jiragen bayi, suna zaɓar mutuwa fiye da bautar.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tande, Dibussi (2005-11-14). "The Jengu Cult". www.peuplesawa.com. Retrieved 2023-09-12. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 4 5 Austen, Ralph (1992). "Tradition, Invention and History: The Case of the Ngondo, (Cameroon) (Tradition, invention et histoire: le cas du Ngondo (Cameroun))". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 32 (126): 302–304. doi:10.3406/cea.1992.1557. ISSN 0008-0055. JSTOR 4392382.