Jerin Ƙabilun Afirka
 Jerin Ƙabilun Afirka | |
|---|---|
| jerin maƙaloli na Wikimedia | |
| Bayanai | |
| Nahiya | Afirka |
Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Afirka sun kai dubbai, kuma kowace ƙabila gabaɗaya tana da yarensu (ko yare na harshe) da al'adunsu . Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci sun haɗa da Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, da Nilo-Saharan .
Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a a hukumance na kabilu daban-daban a Afirka ba ta da tabbas sosai saboda ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa don yin ƙidayar, kuma saboda saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a. Wasu kungiyoyin sun yi zargin cewa da gangan ake tafka kura-kurai domin a ba wa kabilun da aka zaba fifiko a lambobi (kamar yadda ake yi a Najeriya Hausa, Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo).
Wani binciken tarin kwayoyin halitta na shekara ta 2009, wanda ya zana alamomin polymorphic guda 1327 a cikin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban, ya gano gungu na kakanni guda shida. Tarin ya yi daidai da ƙabila, al'adu, da harshe. [1] Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 gaba daya kan al'ummar duniya ya lura da irin wannan gungu a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. A K=9, sassa daban-daban na kakannin kakanni sun bayyana al'ummomin Afroasiatic -masu magana da ke zaune a Arewacin Afirka da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka ; al'ummar Nilo-Saharan da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ; al'ummar Ari a arewa maso gabashin Afirka; al'ummar Nijar-Congo a yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Yamma, Gabashin Afirka, da Kudancin Afirka ; Al'ummar Pygmy a Afirka ta Tsakiya ; da kuma al'ummar Khoisan a Kudancin Afirka. [2]
Jeri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ta hanyar ilimin harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A matsayin bayyani na farko, tebur mai zuwa ya lissafa manyan ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar alaƙar kabilanci, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigar yawan jama'a (kamar na 2016):[ana buƙatar hujja]
| Phylum | Yanki | Manyan kabilu | Adadin Jama'a (miliyan) (2016)[Ana bukatan hujja] |
Adadin kabilu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic | North Africa, Horn of Africa, Sahel | Amhara, Hausa, Oromo, Somali, Tigrayan | 200 | 200-300[3] |
| Niger-Congo | West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa | Akan, Fula, Igbo, Kongo, Mandé, Mooré, Shona, Yoruba, Zulu | 900 | 1650[3] |
| Nilo-Saharan | Nile Valley, Sahel, East Africa | Dinka, Kanuri, Luo, Maasai, Nuer, Songhai | 60 | 80[3] |
| Khoisan | Southern Africa, Tanzania | Nama, San, Sandawe | 1 | 40-70[3] |
| Austronesian | Madagascar | Malagasy | 20 | 1[4] |
| Indo-European | Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa | Afrikaners, British, French | 6 | 3[5] |
| Jimilla | Afirka | 1.2 biliyan (UN 2016) | kimanin 2,000[6] |
Manyan kabilu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan tebur ne na manyan kabilu (mutane miliyan 10 ko fiye):
| Manyan kabilu | Yanki | Kasashe | Iyalin harshe | Adadin Jama'a (miliyan) (shekara) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akan | Yammacin Afirka | Ghana, Ivory Coast | Niger–Congo, Kwa | 20Samfuri:Year needed |
| Amhara | Kahon Afirka | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | 22 (2007) |
| Arabs | Arewacin Afirka | Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Mauritania | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | 100+ (2013)[7] |
| Abzinawa | Arewacin Afirka | Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania | Afro-Asiatic, Berber | 36 (2016)[8][9][10] |
| Chewa | Afirka ta Tsakiya | Malawi, Zambia | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 12 (2007) |
| Fulani | Yammacin Afirka | Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Central African Republic, Ghana, Togo, Sierra Leone | Niger–Congo, Senegambian | 20Samfuri:Year needed |
| Hausa | Yammacin Afirka | Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | 78 (2019)[11] |
| Hutu | Afirka ta Tsakiya | Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 15Samfuri:Year needed |
| Igbo | Yammacin Afirka | Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon | Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger | 34 (2017) |
| Kanuri | Yammacin Afirka | Nigeria,[12] Niger,[13] Chad,[14] Cameroon[15] | Nilo-Saharan, Saharan | 10Samfuri:Year needed |
| Kongo | Afirka ta Tsakiya | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 10Samfuri:Year needed |
| Luba | Afirka ta Tsakiya | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 15Samfuri:Year needed |
| Mongo | Afirka ta Tsakiya | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 15Samfuri:Year needed |
| Mossi | Yammacin Afirka | Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Niger, Ghana, Mali, Togo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 11Samfuri:Year needed |
| Nilotes | Kwarin Nilu, Gabashin Afirka, Afirka ta Tsakiya | South Sudan, Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic | 22 (2007) |
| Oromo | Kahon Afirka | Ethiopia, Kenya | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | 42 (2022) |
| Shona | Gabashin Afirka | Zimbabwe da Mozambique | Niger–Congo, Bantoid | 15 (2000) |
| Somali | Kahon Afirka | Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | 20 (2009) |
| Songhai | Yammacin Afirka | Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Algeria | Nilo-Saharan | 8 (2019) |
| Yoruba | Yammacin Afirka | Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone | Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger | 40Samfuri:Year needed |
| Zulu | Kudancin Afirka | South Africa | Niger–Congo, Bantu | 12 (2016) |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1037–39. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). The most geographically widespread cluster (orange) extends from far Western Africa (the Mandinka) through central Africa to the Bantu speakers of South Africa (the Venda and Xhosa) and corresponds to the distribution of the Niger-Kordofanian language family, possibly reflecting the spread of Bantu-speaking populations from near the Nigerian/Cameroon highlands across eastern and southern Africa within the past 5000 to 3000 years (26,27). Another inferred cluster includes the Pygmy and SAK populations (green), with a noncontiguous geographic distribution in central and southeastern Africa, consistent with the STRUCTURE (Fig. 3) and phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiatic language. Chadic-speaking and Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from Nigeria, Cameroon, and central Chad, as well as several Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from southern Sudan, constitute another cluster (red). Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28,29). Finally, the Hadza are the sole constituents of a sixth cluster (yellow), consistent with their distinctive genetic structure identified by PCA and STRUCTURE.
- ↑ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19: 10.9–10.10, Figure 3.3 Population structure analysis and inferred ancestry components for selected choices of assumed number of ancestries. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. PMID 29727585. S2CID 19155657. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 31 May 2018.: kimanin 1,650 Niger-Congo, kimanin 200-300 Afro-Asiatic, 80 Nilo-Saharan, 40-70 Khoisan.
- ↑ Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. x. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
- ↑ Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. x, 206, 211. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
- ↑ Adadin harsunan Afirka da ake magana da su ana kiyasta su daban-daban (dangane da iyakancewar harshe vs. karin harshe) tsakanin 1,250 da 2,100.
Heine, Bernd; Heine, Bernd, eds. (2000). African Languages: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Wasu kiyasin sun kiyasta "sama da 3,000", misali. Epstein, Edmund L.; Kole, Robert, eds. (1998). The Language of African Literature. Africa World Press. p. ix. ISBN 0-86543-534-0. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
sama da harsunan asali 3,000 ta wasu kiyasin, da kuma creoles da yawa, pidgins, da lingua francas.
. Niger-Congo kadai ya zama mafi yawan harsuna (da mafi yawan jama'a), wanda aka kiyasta harsuna 1,560 ta SIL Ethnologue) ("Rahoton Ethnologue na Najeriya". Ethnologue Languages of the World.) - ↑ Encyclopedia of African Peoples (in Turanci). Routledge. 26 November 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-96341-5.
- ↑ Steven L. Danver (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
Yawan al'ummar Berber ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan 36.
- ↑ "Mutanen Berber". Retrieved 17 August 2016.
- ↑ "Berbers na Arewacin Afirka sun sami karin kuzari daga Arab Spring". Fox News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ↑ Ososanya, Tunde (15 June 2020). "Kabilun Hausawa sune manyan kabilu a Afirka da mutane miliyan 78". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. (in Turanci). Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ↑ "Littafin Gaskiya na Duniya: Najeriya". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ "Littafin Gaskiya na Duniya: Nijar". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ "Littafin Gaskiya na Duniya: Cadi". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ Peter Austin, Harsuna Dubu (2008), shafi na 75, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri babban harshe ne na Saharar da ake magana da shi a cikin Tafkin Chadi a yankin Borno na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, da kuma a Nijar, Kamaru, da Chadi (inda ake kiran nau'in Kanembul[)]."