Jerin gidajen kakanninmu na Puebloan a Colorado

Wannan jerin gidajen kakannin Puebloan ne a Jihar Colorado ta Amurka .

Wurin da State of Colorado take a United States of America .

lokacin Pueblo

  Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun amince kan manyan lokatai uku na mamaye tsoffin kakannin Pueblo a kudu maso yammacin Colorado: Pueblo I, Pueblo II, da Pueblo III .

• Pueblo I (750 zuwa 900). An gina gine-ginen Pueblo da dutse, galibi suna fuskantar kudu, kuma suna da siffofi na U, E, da L. Gine-ginen sun fi kusa da juna fiye da al'adar Kwando ta baya kuma suna nuna zurfafan bikin addini. An gina hasumiyai, galibi kusa da kivas, kodayake har yanzu ana muhawara kan manufarsu (kariya?, ajiya?, bukukuwa?). Tukwane ya zama mai sauƙin amfani, ba kawai don girki ba, amma yanzu ya haɗa da tukwane, leda, kwano, tuluna da kayan abinci da abin sha. Farin tukwane tare da zane-zane baƙi sun bayyana, launukan suna fitowa daga shuke-shuke. Dabaru na sarrafa ruwa da kiyayewa, gami da amfani da magudanan ruwa da madatsun ruwa masu riƙe da ƙasa, suma sun bayyana a wannan lokacin. A tsakiyar wannan lokacin, kimanin 900, adadin wuraren zama a yankin Hovenweep ya ƙaru.
• Pueblo II (900-1150). A lokacin Pueblo II, karuwar yawan jama'a ta haifar da ƙirƙirar wurare sama da 10,000 cikin tsawon shekaru 250. Saboda yawancin ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce kuma yawan amfanin gona ya bambanta sosai, mutane sun ƙara abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, neman abinci, da kuma cinikin abinci. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, akwai gidaje masu hawa da yawa da aka yi da tubalan dutse, hasumiyai (musamman a kudu maso yammacin Colorado da kudu maso gabashin Utah), da kuma kivas na iyali da na al'umma.
• Pueblo III (1150-1300). Rohn da Ferguson, marubutan Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, sun bayyana cewa a lokacin Pueblo III akwai babban sauyi a cikin al'umma. Yawan jama'a ya kan haɗu zuwa manyan cibiyoyin al'umma a kan kwaruruka ko kuma a ƙarƙashin duwatsu masu hawa. Yawan jama'a ya kai tsakanin 1200 da 1250 zuwa sama da 20,000 a yankin Mesa Verde . Duk da haka, zuwa 1300, yawancin mutanen Pueblo sun yi watsi da yankin Four Corners, sakamakon sauyin yanayi da ƙarancin abinci. Ana kyautata zaton sun ƙaura zuwa kudu da gabas zuwa ƙauyuka a Arizona da New Mexico, musamman kwarin Rio Grande kusa da abin da a yau ake kira Santa Fe da Albuquerque.

Nau'ikan Gine-gine

Baya ga gine-ginen da sauran 'yan asalin Amurka ke amfani da su a fadin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, mutanen Pueblo sun ƙirƙiri gine-gine na musamman don rayuwa, bauta, tsaro, ajiya, da rayuwar yau da kullun.

• Pueblo - Idan aka yi la'akari da wani salon gine-ginen Puebloan da kuma ƙungiyoyin mutane da kansu, ana amfani da kalmar pueblo a cikin kalmomin gine-gine don bayyana gine-gine masu hawa ɗaya ko hawa da yawa waɗanda aka yi da dutse mai lanƙwasa ko adobe, kuma wani lokacin jacal. Yawanci waɗannan gine-ginen ana yi musu fenti da adobe a ciki da waje.
• Kiva - Gine-ginen karkashin kasa masu zagaye da ake amfani da su don bukukuwa, shirye-shiryen bukukuwa da kuma wuraren shakatawa ga iyalai a cikin mafi munin watanni na hunturu. Kivas na iya samo asali ne daga gidajen rami. Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin yankin Ancestral Pueblo da kuma a wasu sassan yankin Mogollon (tsakiyar Arizona), galibi suna da benci a kusa da bangon ciki, pilasters a kan bango don riƙe katakon rufin, ramin wuta, sandar na'urar numfashi don kawo iska zuwa ramin wuta da kuma buɗewa mai murabba'i a cikin rufin tare da tsani don shiga kiva. Kiva galibi yana gaban ɗakunan pueblo na iyali.
• Manyan gidaje - Manyan gine-ginen dutse da aka yi wa fenti da fenti an yi imanin cewa galibi ana amfani da su ne a matsayin bukukuwa, kodayake ana iya amfani da su a wani ɓangare a matsayin gidaje. A zamanin Chacoan (kusan daidai da PII, 900 zuwa 1150 AD) waɗannan gine-ginen suna da wasu siffofi, kamar manyan ɗakuna (ƙafafun murabba'i 15), babban girma, matsayi mai tsayi da kuma ginin core-and-veneer. Hakanan galibi suna da kivas da aka toshe a ciki, kivas na hasumiya da manyan kivas na kusa. A lokacin Pueblo III (PIII) (1150-1300 AD) gine-ginen bukukuwa ba su bambanta da gine-ginen gidaje a girman ɗaki ba kuma galibi suna haɗa da fale-falen da aka rufe.
• Manyan kivas - Manyan nau'ikan kivas na gargajiya na "iyali" waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani da su ga al'umma mafi girma, musamman a zamanin Chacoan. Akwai manyan kivas masu girma har zuwa ƙafa 75 a faɗin, kamar Casa Rinconada a Chaco Canyon. Ana riƙe rufin da manyan ginshiƙai da aka sanya a cikin ramuka na musamman a benaye. A zamanin da, kamar PI, manyan kivas ba za a iya rufin su ba. A yankin Mogollon, galibi ana gina manyan kivas masu murabba'i.
• Gidajen rami - A zamanin masu yin kwandon kwando da farkon zamanin PI, yawancin mutanen Kudu maso Yamma suna zaune ne a gidajen rami, waɗanda aka haƙa a hankali a cikin ƙasa mai kusurwa huɗu ko zagaye tare da bangon reshe da laka da aka tallafa musu da ginshiƙan kusurwa masu girman katako. Duk da cewa gidajen rami ba su taɓa ɓacewa gaba ɗaya ba, bayan PI, yawancin gidaje suna da tubalan ɗakunan pueblo na sama, yawanci suna da aƙalla kiva "iyali" ɗaya a gaba.
• Gidajen tsaunuka - An gina Pueblos a ƙarƙashin rufin da aka rataye a gefen duwatsu na mesas a Kudu maso Yamma. Gidajen tsaunuka sun kasance ci gaba a ƙarshen zamani a cikin al'ummomin Pueblo (galibi bayan 1150) kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin an gina su aƙalla wani ɓangare saboda dalilan tsaro.
• Trincheras - Al'adar Hohokam da Trincheras ta yi amfani da waɗannan wurare na musamman a Kudu maso Yamma da arewa maso yammacin Mexico. Wuraren Trincheras galibi suna kan gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi da ƙananan tsaunuka, kuma ana siffanta su da baranda da bango waɗanda ke hawa saman gangaren. Sauran baranda da ganuwar sun tunatar da masu binciken farko game da "trincheras," kalmar Sifaniyanci don gina gidaje ko katanga.
• Jacal wani nau'in bango ne a cikin gine-ginen Pueblo da aka yi da sandunan da aka saka da kuma sandunan da aka rufe da adobe. An ɗaure sandunan da aka ɗaure tare kuma an cika su da laka, yumbu da ciyawa.