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Jerin harsuna ta adadin na kan wayoye

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Wannan ɓangaren jerin harsuna an jera su ta wani ɓangaren ƙidayar saƙon wayoyi (gaba ɗaya yin watsi da sautin, damuwa, da diphthongs). Harsuna a cikin wannan jeri ba za a iya kwatanta su kai tsaye ba: Ƙididdiga na wayoyi a cikin lissafin harshe na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin tushe, lokaci-lokaci da kashi ɗari. Misali, An yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ko'ina tsakanin wasulan 11 zuwa 27, yayin da West ǃXoon aka bincikar da cewa yana da ko'ina daga 87 zuwa 164.

Jerin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wannan jeri yana fasalta daidaitattun yaruka na harsuna. An rarraba harsunan a ƙarƙashin iyalai na yare na farko, waɗanda ƙila a yi hasashe, masu alama a cikin haruffa, amma ba su haɗa da waɗanda manyan malamai suka ɓata ba (misali Nijar–Congo amma ba Altaic ba). Kwayoyin duhu masu duhu suna nuna batattun harsuna. Ƙaƙwalwar gefen kalmomi na hannun dama na nuna ƙananan ƙananan wayoyin hannu.

List of languages
Language Language family Phonemes Notes Ref
Total Consonants Vowels,  tones and stress
Arabic (Standard) Afroasiatic 34 28 6 Number of phonemes in Modern Standard Arabic, without counting the long vowels /eː/ and /oː/ which are phonemic in Mashriqi dialects or other dialectal phonemes. [1]
Amharic Afroasiatic 37 30 7 [2]
Archi Northeast Caucasian 108/99 + (2) 82/80 26/19 + (2) Count differs from source to source [3]
ꞌAreꞌare Austronesian 15 10 5 [4]
Bintulu Austronesian 25 21 4 [4]
Bukawa Austronesian 37 30 7 [4]
Buli Austronesian 23 + (1)  18 + (1) 5 [4]
Cantonese Sino-Tibetan 36 + (1) 19 + (1) 11 + 6 [5]
Cèmuhî Austronesian 26 19 7 [4]
Cheke Holo Austronesian 37 32 5 [4]
Classical Tibetan Sino-Tibetan 35 30 5 [5]
Danish Indo-European 44 18 26
Dawan Austronesian 18 + (1) 11 + (1) 7 [4]
Enggano Austronesian 36 + (6) 10 + (6) 26 [4]
English Indo-European 44

40 		24 20

16 		Counting diphthongs as vowels; General American has 16 vowels while Received Pronunciation has 20 vowels, See English phonology
Finnish Uralic 21 + (4) 13 + (4) 8
French Indo-European 34 + (1) 20 + (1) 14 Vowels have been merged into /a/ and /ɛ̃/, respectively, in Parisian French. /ŋ/ is used for English loanwords.
Garo Sino-Tibetan 23 + (1) 18 + (1) 5 [5]
Gilbertese Austronesian 15 10 5 [4]
Greek Indo-European 23 18 5 [6]
Hamer Afroasiatic 39 + (6) 26 + (1) 13 + (5) The language includes five diphthongs [7]
Hausa Afroasiatic 40 30 10 [8]
Hawaiian Austronesian 13 8 5 Long vowels are considered to be sequences of vowels and so are not counted as phonemes. [4]
Hindi Indo-European 44 + (5) 33 + (5) 11
Hungarian Uralic 39 25 14 The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó. Most of the pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly only in their duration. However, pairs a/á and e/é differ both in closedness and length.
Italian Indo-European 30 + (1) 23 + (1) 7
Japanese Japonic 20 + (9) 15 + (9) 5 The nine marginal consonants are considered allophones and occur as contrastive only in loanwords and some Sino-Japanese vocabulary. [9]
Karbi Sino-Tibetan 26 + (2) 18 8 + (2) [5]
Kelabit Austronesian 25 + (1) 19 + (1) 6 [4]
Kilivila Austronesian 24 19 5 [4]
Korean Koreanic 28 21 7 Some analysts recognize the existence of another consonant, the /ɰ/ used only in the diphthong /ɰi/, and describe Korean's sound inventory as having as many as ten vowels. Vowels /ø/ and /y/ continue to be used only by older speakers, and have been replaced with /we/ and /wi/, respectively. Most younger speakers have merged /ɛ/ into /e/.
Kosraean Austronesian 47 35 12 [4]
Lahu Sino-Tibetan 33 24 9 [5]
Lauje Austronesian 18 13 5 [4]
Lepcha Sino-Tibetan 40 32 8 [5]
Lisu Sino-Tibetan 41 + (3) 31 + (3) 10 [5]
Lonwolwol Austronesian 38 25 13 [4]
Malagasy Austronesian 23 19 4 [4]
Malay Austronesian 24 + (5) 18 + (5) 6 [4]
Maltese Afroasiatic 35 24 11 [10]
Marathi Indo-European 50[11] 36 14 [11]
Meitei Sino-Tibetan 31 25 6 [5]
Middle English Indo-European 42 23 19 Late Middle English [12]
Modern Hebrew Afroasiatic 30 25 + (2) 5 [13]
Mongsen Ao Sino-Tibetan 25 20 5 [5]
Muna Austronesian 30 25 5 [4]
Narom Austronesian 30 24 6 [4]
Nemi Austronesian 48 43 5 [4]
Norman Indo-European 48 23 25
Nuaulu Austronesian 16 11 5 [4]
Nuer Nilo-Saharan 43 + (5) 20 + (5) 23 [7]
Old English Indo-European 37 19 18 This inventory of Late Old English includes two contrastive long diphthongs, which probably existed. Some scholars suggest the existence of /ʃ/ and two affricates, but this viewpoint is controversial, and the phonemes are not counted here. [12]
Oromo Afroasiatic 34 24 10 [14]
Polish Indo-European 37 29 8 [15]
<b id="mwA7c">Portuguese</b> Indo-European 27 + (10) 19 + (4) 8 + (6) Some may argue that /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are phonemic, and vowel phonemes may be counted using nasal vowels as well.
Rotokas North Bougainville 11/21 6 5/10
Saʼban Austronesian 32 22 10 [4]
Saaroa Austronesian 17 13 4 [4]
Sinhala Indo-European 60 40 20 [16]
Somali Afroasiatic 31 21 10 [17]
Spanish Indo-European 22 + (2) 17 + (2) 5 Most speakers only have 22 phonemes, as /θ/ is only present in Peninsular Spanish and /ʎ/ is only preserved in some Peninsular and Andean dialects. [18]
Thao Austronesian 23 + (1) 20 3 + (1) [4]
Tswana Niger–Congo 35 + (2) 28 + (2) 7 [7]
Turkish Turkic 31 + (1) 23 + (1) 8 Some consider ⟨ğ⟩ to represent a separate phoneme.
<b id="mwBE8">Ubykh</b> Northwest Caucasian 86-88 84 2-4 4 consonants are only found in loanwords.
Urdu Indo-European 61 48 11 + (2) Besides its Indo-Aryan base, Urdu includes a range of phonemes which are derived from other languages such as Arabic, Persian, English, and more. [ana buƙatar hujja]
Vaeakau-Taumako Austronesian 21 + (3) 16 + (3) 5 [4]
Vietnamese Austroasiatic 34 + (1) 20 + (1) 14 While some dialects distinguish ⟨tr⟩ and ⟨ch⟩, the distinction is missing in the Hanoi dialect, described here. [19]
Waimoa Austronesian 33 + (3) 28 + (3) 5 [4]
Wambule Sino-Tibetan 44 33 11 [5]
Wayan Austronesian 24 19 5 [4]
Wolio Austronesian 36 31 5 [4]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database

Bayanan da ke ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Bani Salameh, Mohammad (2021). "Phonemic consonant sounds in modern standard Arabic". Phonemic Consonant Sounds in Modern Standard Arabic.
  2. ↑ Mulugeta, Teferi; Yimam, Baye; Mengistu, Girma (2024-02-28). "The Phonology of Amharic Ideophones". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 56 (2): 177–200.
  3. ↑ "Archi Dictionary". Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 Blust 2013.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Thurgood & LaPolla 2017.
  6. ↑ Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF). Journal of Greek Linguistics. 8: 97–208. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365. doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Clem, Jenks & Sande 2019.
  8. ↑ MUHAMMAD-GOMBE, UMAR (2021). "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STANDARD NIGERIAN ENGLISH SPOKEN BY L1 HAUSA AND KANURI SPEAKERS" (PDF). A Comparative Phonological Analysis of Varieties of English Spoken by Native Speakers of Nigerian Languages (Hausa, Igbo, Kanuri and Yoruba) for the Determination of Speakers' Origins.
  9. ↑ Mattingley, Wakayo; Hall, Kathleen Currie; Hume, Elizabeth (2019). "Epenthetic vowel production of unfamiliar medial consonant clusters by Japanese speakers". Laboratory Phonology. Association for Laboratory Phonology. 10 (1): 21. doi:10.5334/labphon.158. S2CID 214166519.
  10. ↑ Fabri, Ray (1922). "Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lahoti, Pawan; Mittal, Namita; Singh, Girdhari (2022-12-27). "A Survey on NLP Resources, Tools, and Techniques for Marathi Language Processing". ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process. 22 (2): 47:1–47:34. doi:10.1145/3548457. ISSN 2375-4699.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bergs & Brinton 2012.
  13. ↑ Reilly, Sullivan. "History, Phonology, Orthography, Volume One: Hebrew". Park City Prospector. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  14. ↑ Negese, Tariku (June 2021). "Phoneme Distribution and the Sonority Nature of Consonant Clusters in Afaan Oromo". Phoneme Distribution and the Sonority Nature of Consonant Clusters in Afaan Oromo.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Coretta
  16. ↑ "Research Report on Phonetics and Phonology of Sinhala".
  17. ↑ PIA, John Joseph (1965). "SOMALI SOUNDS AND INFLECTIONS" (PDF). Somali Sounds and Inflections: 15.
  18. ↑ Hualde 2014.
  19. ↑ Kirby, James P. (November 11, 2011). "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 41 (3): 382, 384. doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181. S2CID 144227569. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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