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Jerin kamfen ɗin tsabtace kabilanci

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Jerin kamfen ɗin tsabtace kabilanci
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Wannan labarin ya lissafa abubuwan da suka faru da wasu masana kimiyya ko masana shari'a suka kira tsaftace kabilanci. Ba duk masana ba ne suka yarda da kowane shari'a, musamman tunda akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na kalmar tsaftace kabilanci. Ma'anar ta taru a kusa da tilasta cire duka ko adadi mai yawa na kabilanci daga wani yanki, ko kuma sanya yankin kabilanci. Dubi babban labarin don ƙarin bayani. Lokacin da masu ba da shawara (misali 'yan jarida ko' yan siyasa) suka yi ikirarin Tsabtace kabilanci ana lura da su.

Akwai rashin jituwa mai mahimmanci game da ma'anar tsaftace kabilanci da kuma abubuwan da suka faru sun fada ƙarƙashin wannan rarrabuwa.[1]

Tsohon zamani, na zamani da na zamani

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Lokacin Tsakiya

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Cire Yahudawa a Turai daga 1100 zuwa 1600
  • 1200s - 1368 AD: Daular Mongol ta lalata manyan sassan Eurasia, wanda ya haifar da ayyukansu da za a kira kisan kare dangi. Masanin tarihin Burtaniya John Joseph Saunders ya kira Daular Mongol "mafi sanannun masu aikata kisan kare dangi".[2]
    • 1202 AD: Bayan kayar da Ƙungiyar Tatar, Genghis Khan ya kashe kowane namiji Tatar mai tsayi fiye da linchpin.
  • c. 1290 AD: Edward I na Ingila ya kori duk Yahudawa da ke zaune a Ingila a cikin 1290 (duba Edict of Expulsion).
  • c. 1250-1500 AD: Daga Karni na 13 zuwa 16 ƙasashen Turai da yawa sun kori Yahudawa daga yankinsu aƙalla lokuta 15. Spain ta riga ta wuce Ingila, Faransa da wasu jihohin Jamus, da sauransu da yawa, kuma sun yi nasara da akalla wasu fitarwa biyar.

Farkon zamanin yau

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  • c. 1492-1614 AD: A sakamakon Tsanantawa ta addini, har zuwa kashi huɗu na Yahudawa a Spain sun tuba zuwa Katolika, waɗanda suka ƙi (tsakanin 40,000 da 70,000) an kore su a cikin 1492 biyo bayan Dokar Alhambra. Wadanda suka tuba sun kasance masu nuna bambanci na doka a karkashin tsarin Limpieza de sangre, wanda ya ba da fifiko ga Tsohon Kiristoci akan Sabbin Kiristoci. Da yawa daga cikin masu tuba sun ci gaba da yin Addinin Yahudanci a asirce, wanda ya haifar da Inquisition. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haramta aikin Islama kuma duk Musulmai na Spain sun zama Krista. An kira zuriyar waɗannan Musulmai masu tuba Moriscos. Bayan murkushewar Morisco Revolt a yankin Alpujarras a shekara ta 1571, an sake komawa Moriscos kusan 80,000 zuwa wasu sassan Spain kuma an sake gina wasu ƙauyuka 270 da ƙauyuka tare da mazauna da aka kawo daga wasu yankuna. Wannan ya biyo bayan fitar da Moriscos tsakanin 1609-1614 wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga dukan mulkin Mutanen Espanya, amma an aiwatar da shi sosai a yankin gabashin Valencia. Kodayake nasarar da ta samu gabaɗaya dangane da aiwatarwa tana ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi kuma ba ta haɗa da tashin hankali ba, ana ɗaukar ta ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na tsabtace kabilanci da ke tallafawa jihar a duniyar yamma ta zamani.
  • 1492 - 1800s: 'Yan asalin Amurka na Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka an kori su kuma an kashe su (ko sun mutu ta hanyar cututtukan da aka gabatar) daga masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Mutanen Espanya da Portugal kuma sun zama' yan tsiraru a cikin ƙasashensu. Raphael Lemkin, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "kisan kare dangi", ya yi la'akari da ƙaurawar 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ta mazauna Amurka a matsayin misali na tarihi na kisan kare dji.[3] Sauran, kamar masanin tarihi Gary Anderson, suna jayayya cewa kisan kare dangi bai nuna wani bangare na tarihin Amurka ba, yana ba da shawarar a maimakon haka cewa tsarkake kabilanci kalma ce mafi dacewa.[4]
  • 1556-1620: Shuke-shuke na Ireland. Ƙasar da ke Laois, Offaly, Munster da wasu sassan Ulster an kwace su da kambin Ingila kuma sun mallake su tare da mazauna Ingila. An bayyana Ireland a matsayin "ƙasa ta gwaji" ga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, tare da kwace ƙasa da fitar da 'yan asalin Irish daga ƙasashensu zama maimaitawa don fitar da' yan asalin Amurkawa ta mazauna Burtaniya.[5]
Bayan nasarar da Cromwell ya yi a Ireland, an kwace manyan yankuna kuma an kori Katolika na Irish zuwa ƙasashen Connacht.

Karni na 19

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Kisan kiyashi na Batak, misali na tsaftace kabilanci da sojojin Ottoman ba bisa ka'ida ba a Bulgaria a 1876.
Hoton 'yan gudun hijirar Circassian da aka kori daga garuruwansu da ƙauyukansu a lokacin Kisan kare dangi na Circassian. A cewar wasu marubuta, Daular Rasha ta kashe mutane kuma ta fitar da su da kashi 95-97% na dukkan Circassians ta hanyar yakin basasa da Sojojin Rasha suka sanya su a matsayin "ochishchenie" (tsarkakewa).

Karni na 20

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Shekaru na 1900-1910

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  • kisan kare dangi na Herero da Namaqua ya kasance kamfen ne na kawar da launin fata da azabtarwa wanda Daular Jamus ta yi a Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma ta Jamus (Namibia ta zamani) a kan mutanen Herero, Nama da San. An dauke shi kisan kare dangi na farko na karni na 20.[6][7][8][9] Jamus ta amince da kisan kiyashi a Namibia amma ta daina ba tare da biyan diyya ba
  • A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, an gudanar da tsaftace kabilanci a Kosovo, Makidoniya, Sandžak da Thrace. Da farko, an yi musu alhakin Musulmi, amma daga baya, an kuma yi musu alƙawari ga Kiristoci. An ƙone ƙauyuka kuma an kashe mutane. Bulgarians, Serbs da Greeks sun ƙone ƙauyuka kuma sun kashe fararen hula na Turkiyya, amma tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan mutanen da suka fi yawan mutanen Turkiyya a yankunan da Bulgarian suka mamaye sun kasance kusan ba su canza ba.[10] Turks yawanci sun kashe mazajen Bulgarian da Girka waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan da suka sake mamayewa, amma ba su kashe wani Girkawa ba a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu, an kuma yi wa mata da yara fyade kuma ana yanka su akai-akai a lokacin kowane kisan kiyashi. A lokacin Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu, Ottoman_Army_(1861–1922)" id="mwAj8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Sojojin Ottoman sun gudanar da kamfen ɗin Tsabtace kabilanci kuma Bashi-bazouks na Turkiyya sun hallaka dukan mutanen Bulgarian na Ottoman Adrianople Vilayet (kimanin mutane 300,000 kafin yaƙin) kuma sun kori waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi (60,000 ).[11] A karkashin mamayar Girka, an tsananta wa 'Yan Makidoniya na Bulgeriya, an kore su daga gidajensu kuma an tilasta su koma yankunan Girka waɗanda ke arewacin iyakar Bulgaria. 'Yan Bulgaria sun kori Helenawa 100,000 daga Makidoniya da Yammacin Thrace kafin a mayar da yankuna zuwa Girka. Baya ga matattu, bayan yakin ya ƙidaya mutane 890,000 waɗanda suka bar gidajensu har abada, daga cikinsu 400,000 suka gudu zuwa Turkiyya, 170,000 suka gudu zuwa Girka, 150,000 ko 280,000 suka gudu til Bulgaria. Yawan mutanen Bulgeriya a Makidoniya galibi an rage su ne ta hanyar kamfen ɗin da aka yi ta hanyar ta'addanci, biyo bayan haramtacciyar amfani da harshen Bulgarian da kuma sanarwa waɗanda ake kira "Ku bayyana kanka a matsayin Serb ko ku mutu"; ana buƙatar masu sa hannu su yi watsi da asalin Bulgarian a takarda a Serbians da Girka.[12] A ko'ina tsakanin 120,000 da 270,000 Albanians an kashe su ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu kuma 60,000 zuwa 300,000 an kore su daga Tsohon Serbia a ƙarshen shekara ta 1914.
  • An bayyana korar Girka ta 1914 a Gabashin Thrace da Anatolia (Turkey) a matsayin kamfen na tsaftace kabilanci ta hanyar malaman Matthias Bjørnlund da Taner Akçam.[13]
  • A lokacin da Bulgarian ta mamaye Serbia a WWI, an fallasa fararen hula ga matakai daban-daban na zalunci, gami da tsare jama'a, tilasta aiki, da manufofin Bulgarisation. Manufofin Bulgarian a Makidoniya, kuma har zuwa wani mataki a cikin Serbia da aka mamaye, abin da masanin tarihi Alan Kramer ya kira 'dynamic of destruction' wani sha'awa ba kawai don kayar da abokan gaba ta hanyar soja ba, har ma da share duk alamun al'adun ta kuma lalata duk wata shaida cewa ta taɓa kasancewa a can ba.[14] Masanin kimiyya Paul Mojzes ya rubuta cewa "tsarkakewar kabilanci (aƙalla) " ya faru ne a cikin 1915-1918.
    Yaran 'yan gudun hijirar Girka da Armeniya a kusa da Athens, Girka, a 1923, bayan korar su daga Turkiyya.
  • Kisan kare dangi na Armeniya da kisan kare d ̄ a na Girka wanda ya faru a Anatolia (Turkey) a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na an aiwatar da shi a matakai biyu: Turks sun aikata Kisan kiyashi na dukan maza masu iyawa ta hanyar kisan kiyadi da aiki na tilastawa, wannan kisan ya biyo bayan korar mata, yara, tsofaffi da marasa lafiya zuwa hamadar Siriya a kan tafiyar mutuwa. Tsakanin Armeniyawa miliyan 2 da 3, Helenawa da Assuriyawa an kashe su a wannan lokacin. Baya ga bayyana shi a matsayin kisan kare dangi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a cikin kamfen ɗin tsabtace kabilanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani abu guda, wannan kisan kare dangi shine kisan kare deangi na farko na karni na 20 kuma shi ne kisan kare hakkin dangi mafi girma dangane da yawan wadanda abin ya shafa har zuwa Holocaust.[15]
  • Gwamnatin Red cx-link" data-linkid="271" href="./Bolshevik" id="mwApk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik ta kashe ko kuma ta fitar da kimanin 300,000 zuwa 500,000 Don Cossacks a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Rasha, a cikin 1919-1920.[16] Geoffrey Hosking ya bayyana cewa "Za a iya jayayya cewa manufofin Red game da Don Cossacks sun kai ga tsaftace kabilanci. Ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, kuma nan da nan an watsar da shi saboda bai dace da ka'idar Leninist da aiki na yau da kullun ba".
  • Ta hanyar lokacin Interwar, an fitar da 'yan Albania 90,000 da 300,000 daga Masarautar Yugoslavia kuma an kashe har zuwa 80,000 a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yugoslav na Kosovo.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Garrity, Meghan M (27 September 2023). ""Ethnic Cleansing": An Analysis of Conceptual and Empirical Ambiguity". Political Science Quarterly. 138 (4): 469–489. doi:10.1093/psquar/qqad082.
  2. ↑ Buchstein, Fred (2001). "The History of the Mongol Conquests". The Journal of Military History. Lexington. 65 (4): 1081–1082. doi:10.2307/2677636. JSTOR 2677636. S2CID 162821241.
  3. ↑ McDonnell, M. A.; Moses, A. D. (2005). "Raphael Lemkin as historian of genocide in the Americas". Journal of Genocide Research. 7: 501–529. doi:10.1080/14623520500349951. S2CID 72663247.
  4. ↑ Sousa, Ashley (2016). "Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America by Gary Clayton Anderson". Journal of Southern History. 82 (1): 135–136. doi:10.1353/soh.2016.0023. ISSN 2325-6893. S2CID 159731284.
  5. ↑ Hallinan, Conn Malachi (1977). "The Subjugation and Division of Ireland: Testing Ground for Colonial Policy". Crime and Social Justice (8): 53–57. JSTOR 29766019.
  6. ↑ Steinmetz, George (Winter 2005). "The First Genocide of the 20th Century and its Postcolonial Afterlives: Germany and the Namibian Ovaherero". Journal of the International Institute. 12 (2).
  7. ↑ Dr Jürgen Zimmerer and Prof. Benyamin Neuberger. "HERERO AND NAMA GENOCIDE". The Combat Genocide Association.
  8. ↑ "Herero Revolt 1904–1907". South African History Online. March 2011.
  9. ↑ Staff Reporter (March 1998). "Herero genocide – the facts and the criticisms". Mail & Guardian – Africa's Best Read.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lieberman
  11. ↑ Elchinova, Magdalena (30 May 2016). "Memory, Heritage and Ethnicity: Constructing Identity among the Istanbul-based Orthodox Bulgarians". Ethnologia Europaea. Museum Tusculanum Press. 46 (1): 99–113. doi:10.16995/ee.1180. ISBN 9788763544870.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mozjes
  13. ↑ Bjørnlund, Matthias (2008). "The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1080/14623520701850286. S2CID 72975930.
  14. ↑ (John ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2009). "Truth in Telling: Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians". The American Historical Review. 114 (4): 930–946. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.4.930.
  16. ↑ Kort, Michael (2001). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath, p. 133. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0396-9.
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