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Jerin masarautun Great Lakes na Afirka

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Jerin masarautun Great Lakes na Afirka
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Hoton tauraron dan adam na yankin Great Lakes na Afirka
Masarautar Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, c.1880

Masarautun Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka suna nufin masarautun tarihi masu yawa a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . Waɗannan mulkokin sun kasance a wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na sha ɗaya da na sha tara a matsayin masarautu masu cin gashin kansu, kuma suna da kamanni amma wasu lokuta mabanbanta al'adu, dabi'u da al'adu. An sami masarautun manyan tabkuna a kudu maso gabashin Afirka da wasu sassan Afirka ta Tsakiya, a yankin arewa maso yammacin Tanzaniya, kudancin Uganda, wasu sassan Ruwanda, Burundi da Gabashin Kongo .

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen Bantu sun gabatar da tsarin sarauta da manufar ikon da aka kafa a cikin yankin Manyan Tafkuna. Jagoranci na sarki ko babba abu ne na al'ada a yawancin al'ummomin Bantu amma ba ya nan a cikin Kudancin Sudan ta Tsakiya, Sog Gabashin Sahelian da Kudancin Kushitic waɗanda su ma ke zaune a yankin a matsayin makwabta.

The exceptional role of the Niger-Congo Bantu-speakers manifested itself by their social capacity. Thus Bantu speech became the medium in which societies were organised. Bantu-speakers’ feature of inherited leadership on all levels of reality played a crucial part in the development of the centralised rule in the region."

— Birgitta Farelius, Origins of Kingship Traditions and Symbolism in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, [18]

Ko da yake wannan shigarwar ta yi magana ne kawai game da lokacin har zuwa ƙarshen karni na goma sha takwas, yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa tarihin farko na waɗannan siyasar da cikakkun bayanai da aka rubuta su dalla-dalla ne na tarihin karni na sha tara da ashirin da kuma yanayin da ya same su. Nkore (Ankole a zamanin mulkin mallaka) ya sami kansa a cikin Ƙauyen Biritaniya na Uganda kuma ya zama ginshiƙi na manufofin Kariya, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautu huɗu kuma yana jin daɗin girman yanki mai girma a ƙarƙashin Kariyar fiye da yadda yake yi a zamanin mulkin mallaka. An kuma yi amfani da shi da kyau daga masu mishan daban-daban, masu ilimin ƙabilanci, masana ilimin ɗan adam, da masana tarihi. Buhaya ya kasance mai matsakaicin matsayi, ta hanyar siyasa mai dacewa a farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma wurin gudanar da mulkin mallaka na yanki a Bukoba. Sabanin haka, Karagwe ya fadi daga kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi karfi na jihohin karni na goma sha tara a cikin Manyan Tafkuna, matsayin da ya samu ta hanyar mamaye farkon hanyoyin kasuwancin Tekun Indiya -Great Lakes, zuwa ga rugujewa da duhu gaba daya ta 1916. Marubuta akan Karagwe sun yi ta kai ruwa rana kuma sun kasa samar da ɗimbin rubutu da ke samuwa ga Nkore, makwabciyarsa ta arewa. A cikin Tanzaniya mai zaman kanta, ƙarƙashin Nyerere, babu wani wuri kaɗan don irin wannan rashin daidaituwa, tsarin siyasa na farko na mulkin mallaka. [19]

In much of the interlacustrine region, abundant rainfall and fertile soil supported a dense population, who produced a surplus which sustained courts and kings, and early European visitors wrote accounts of a land of plenty which attracted potential colonisers. It is easy to concentrate on the giants of the region—Buganda, Bunyoro, Rwanda, Burundi — to the neglect of their smaller neighbours, but there were over 200 polities in the region, some of them very small, as in Buha and Buzinza. There were 68 states in Busoga alone. Many of the states of the interlacustrine region — but not Buganda — were linked by various versions of the Cwezi saga.

— Elizabeth Isichei

Har ila yau, ba a san ainihin asalin daular da suka mamaye ba, kasancewar sun dogara da fassarar hadisai na baka. Bisa kima, a duk yankuna, dauloli sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun samo asali ne daga mutumin Chwezi, Wamara . Daga baya, mulki ya fada hannun Ruhinda, kuma zuriyar da yawa daga cikin dangin sarauta, waɗanda aka sani da Abahinda suka jawo shi kai tsaye zuwa gare shi. Fassarar waɗannan al'adun baka sun nuna cewa masu hali irin su Wamara da Ruhinda ƙila sun kasance shugabanni masu kwarjini, waɗanda bayan mutuwarsu, sun zama ruhohi masu mahimmanci waɗanda matsafa ke da alaƙa da ikon siyasa . Wuraren ibada zuwa Wamara da Ruhinda suna da alaƙa musamman da magudi da sarrafa haihuwa . [19]

Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi waɗannan siyasar shi ne dangi. Kowace siyasa ta kasance hadewar dangi, kuma kowace dangi ta ba da gudummawar muhimman abubuwa ga siyasar. Ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu a cikin harkokin siyasa a matakin farko sun kasance ana ɗaukar su da matsayi mafi girma. Har ila yau, an haɗa dangi da ayyuka na musamman, kamar kiwon shanu, narke baƙin ƙarfe, da daidaita al'adu . Gidan sarauta sun zauna a saman wannan ƙungiyar kuma suna kula da halin da ake ciki a hankali, ta hanyar ba da ofisoshin musamman ga dangi na musamman da kuma karɓar mata ga sarki daga cikin dangi daban-daban. Don haka, mahaifiyar sarki da danginta suna da iko sosai a kowane sarauta, kuma wannan ikon ya taimaka wajen bayyana sabani na gado da al'adun baka suka bayyana akai-akai. [19]

Waɗannan gyare-gyare masu sauƙi, ba shakka, suna rufe manyan tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikicen da suka wanzu a cikin waɗannan jihohin. An ba da haske game da irin wannan makirci na siyasa ta hanyar aikin tarihi wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wurin bautar Kaijja, a cikin masarautar Maruku, kilomita ashirin kudu da Bukoba. Wurin shine wurin bautar gashani, ko muƙamuƙi, na sarki na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da na sha takwas, Rugomora Mahe, wanda aka ce ya mamaye wurin kuma ya kula da aikin ƙarfe a wurin. Wurin kuma muhimmin wurin ibada ne ga ruhin Chwezi, Wamara. Dukkanin jihohin Buhaya sun yi rikodin canji daga Hinda zuwa sarakunan Bito a cikin karni na sha bakwai, dangane da tsawaita tasirin daular Bito daga Bunyoro. Mahimmanci, Rugomora Mahe ya kasance farkon mai mulkin Bito, kuma ana fassara alaƙarsa da wurin ibada a matsayin wani muhimmin sashe na rikicin al'ada tsakanin mabiya Hinda da ruhinsu, da kuma sabbin sarakunan Bito. A lokuta masu kama da haka, al'adun baka a Karagwe da Nkore sun rubuta kutse har ma da tsayin daka da sojojin Bunyoro suka yi, amma suna jaddada nasara na ƙarshe akan maharan. [19]

A Nkore, an sami damar gano wuraren da ke da alaƙa da ikon siyasa, wanda ya wuce ƙarni da yawa a baya. Wuraren waɗannan wuraren sun nuna cewa farkon yankin Nkore yana cikin wani yanki mai ƙayyadaddun tsaunuka, Isingiro, kilomita ashirin kudu da tsakiyar zamani na Mbarara . Don haka shawarar ita ce, tun da farko waɗannan tsare-tsare ne na siyasa na gida-gida, wasu daga cikinsu sun faɗaɗa sannu a hankali. An fara samun karfin soja ta fuskar lambobi. Jihohin Buhaya duk kanana ne kuma da alama ba su da karfin soja sosai. Karagwe da alama yana da ƙarfin soji, kuma hakan na iya kasancewa saboda yawan yawan jama'a. Nkore, daga ƙaramin tushe, ba ya bayyana yana da fa'idar faɗaɗawa, ko mafi mahimmanci, iyawa, har sai manyan canje-canje a ƙungiyar sojan ta. Ƙirƙirar haraji na dindindin na sojoji, wanda aka sani da Emitwe, ya ba da damar cinye yankuna kamar Mbororo da Buhweju da kuma kare garken da ke ƙaruwa daga maƙwabta masu ƙarfi zuwa arewa. [19]

Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa, a farkon matakan su, duk waɗannan siyasar sun kasance ƙanana kuma masu rauni. Musamman ma, ga dukkan alamu sun kasance masu saukin kamuwa da rigingimun gadoji, wadanda ake ganin su ne ke haifar da rikici. Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da muhimman canje-canje a cikin tsari da tsari kawai sun fara fitowa ne a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, lokacin da wasu gwamnatoci suka fara neman bayan iyakokinsu don sababbin yankuna da albarkatu don sarrafawa.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1984). "The Great Lakes region". General History of Africa: Volume 4 (PDF). UNESCO Publishing. p. 507.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Webster, James; Chretien, Jean-Pierre (1992). "The Great Lakes region: 1500-1800". General History of Africa. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 381–393.
  3. ↑ Webster, James; Chretien, Jean-Pierre (1992). "The Great Lakes region: 1500-1800". General History of Africa. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 392–393.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Uzoigwe, Godfrey; Denoon, Donald (1975). "A History of Kigezi in South-West Uganda". International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center. 8. doi:10.2307/217613. JSTOR 217613.
  5. ↑ "Songora People and their Culture in Uganda". Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 18 Feb 2024.
  6. ↑ Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1984). "The Great Lakes region". General History of Africa: Volume 4 (PDF). UNESCO Publishing. p. 517.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Webster, James; Chretien, Jean-Pierre (1992). "The Great Lakes region: 1500-1800". General History of Africa. UNESCO Publishing. p. 398.
  8. ↑ Huggins, Chris; Mastaki, Christol (2019). "The political economy of land law and policy reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo: an institutional bricolage approach". The Canadian Journal of Development Studies. University of Toronto Press. 41 (2): 260–278. doi:10.1080/02255189.2019.1683519. S2CID 211315785.
  9. ↑ Webster, James; Chretien, Jean-Pierre (1992). "The Great Lakes region: 1500-1800". General History of Africa. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 398–402.
  10. ↑ Medard, Henri; Doyle, Shane (16 November 2007). Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa. Longhouse Publishing Services. ISBN 978-0-8214-4574-7.
  11. ↑ "Other Traditional States in Uganda". Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  12. ↑ Katoke, Israel (1970). "The country". The Making of the Karagwe Kingdom (PDF). East African Publishing House.
  13. ↑ Webster, James; Chretien, Jean-Pierre (1992). "The Great Lakes region: 1500-1800". General History of Africa. UNESCO Publishing. p. 402.
  14. ↑ Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1984). "The Great Lakes region". General History of Africa: Volume 4 (PDF). UNESCO Publishing. pp. 508–512.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Scherer, J.H. (1959). "The Ha of Tanganyika". Anthropos. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 54 (5): 841–904. JSTOR 40453639. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
  16. ↑ McMaster, Mary (2005). "Language Shift and its Reflection in African Archaeology: Cord rouletting in the Uele and Interlacustrine regions". Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. 40 (1): 49. doi:10.1080/00672700509480413.
  17. ↑ Weiss, Brad (1996). The Making and Unmaking of the Haya Lived World. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1722-2. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  18. ↑ Farelius, Birgitta (2008). Origins of Kingship Traditions and Symbolism in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. Uppsala universitet. p. 81, 165-167, 351. ISBN 978-91-554-7295-5.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Great Lakes Region: Karagwe, Nkore, And Buhaya from Encyclopedia of African History: Volume 1 A–G". BookRags.com. 2004-12-14. Retrieved 2011-01-10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "bookrags1" defined multiple times with different content
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