Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata
 Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata | |
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| jerin maƙaloli na Wikimedia |
Wannan zaɓin mutane ne da ke ƙarƙashin " odar haramtawa " ta gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Banning wani mataki ne na danniya da rashin shari'a wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu (1948-1994) ta yi amfani da ita a kan abokan adawar siyasa . Ikon majalissar dokoki don hana oda da farko ita ce Dokar Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, [1] wadda ta ayyana kusan dukkan adawar jam'iyyar National Party a matsayin gurguzu . An maye gurbin wannan da Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, 1982 . Gwamnatin ta daina tura takunkumi tare da dage duk wasu umarnin haramtawa a shekarar 1990, a daidai lokacin da ake fuskantar zuwan dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu a 1994. [2]
Dokar haramtawa ta ƙunshi hani kan inda mutumin da aka dakatar zai iya zama da kuma waɗanda za su iya hulɗa da su, ya buƙaci su kai rahoto kowane mako zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda, kuma an hana su yin balaguro a wajen wani yanki na musamman. An haramta wa wanda aka dakatar da halartar taro kowane iri, yin magana a bainar jama'a, ko buga ko rarraba kowane abu da aka rubuta. Ya haramtawa masu watsa shirye-shirye da manema labarai watsawa, bugawa ko ba da rahoton kalmomin mutumin da aka dakatar. Ta haka ya gauraya abubuwa na gudun hijira, odar murkushewa da tantancewa . Haramcin halartar taro yana nufin cewa wanda aka dakatar ba zai iya zama tare da fiye da mutum ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya ba. An haramta wa wanda aka dakatar da duk wani hulɗa da sauran mutanen da aka haramta kuma an hana shi shiga duk wani aiki na siyasa. Hukuncin karya dokar haramcin ya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari.
Wasu mutane da aka yi wa umarnin hana su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sama da mutane 1600 aka yi wa umarnin hana su.[3] Daga cikin fitattun akwai:
- Eric Abraham: An hana shi shekaru 5 a 1976, ya gudu zuwa Botswana a 1977, an ba shi mafaka ta siyasa a UK.
- John Aitchison: an hana shi 1965–1970, 1971–1976.
- Phyllis Altman: An hana ta a 1964.[4]
- Jacqueline Arenstein: An hana ta a 1963, 1973 da 1978.[5]
- Farouk Asvat: an hana shi 1973 zuwa 1978.
- Mabel Balfour: An hana ta a 1963.[6]
- Saul Bastomsky: An hana shi a 1965, ya yi hijira zuwa UK, 1966 zuwa Australia.[7]
- Mary Benson: An hana ta a 1966.[8]
- Jean Bernadt: An hana shi 1959 zuwa 1964.
- Hilda Bernstein: An hana ta 1953 da 1958.[9][10]
- Lionel Bernstein: An hana shi 1950 da 1953.[11]
- Steve Biko: An hana shi Fabrairu 1973 zuwa 1977 (an kashe shi a hannun 'yan sanda).[12][13][14][15][16]
- Brian Brown: An hana shi 17 Oktoba 1977 na shekaru biyar.[17]
- Peter Brown a South African History Online[18]
- Dennis Brutus: An hana shi na shekaru 5, Oktoba 1960.
- Neville Curtis (tsohon shugaban NUSAS): An hana shi 27 Fabrairu 1973; an cire takunkumin a 1976.[19][20]
- Yusuf Dadoo: An hana shi 1953 har zuwa gudun hijira da mutuwarsa a 1983.[21]
- Lionel Davis: An hana shi 1971 zuwa 1976.
- Cosmas Desmond: Marubucin “The Discarded People” wanda ya fallasa wahalhalun mutanen da aka kora daga gidajensu.
- Patrick Duncan: An hana shi 1961, 1962; ya tafi gudun hijira 1962.
- Bettie du Toit: An hana ta a 1952.[22]
- Paula Ensor (memba na NUSAS): An hana ta 27 Fabrairu 1973 zuwa 31 Maris 1978. Ta tafi Botswana a boye a 1976.[23][dead link][19][24][dead link][20]
- Vic Finkelstein: An hana shi na shekaru biyar a 1967 kuma ya yi hijira zuwa UK a 1968.[25]
- Ruth First: An hana ta 1960 zuwa 1982 (an kashe ta a gudun hijira ta hanyar bam ɗin wasika na 'yan sanda).
- Ela Gandhi: An hana ta a 1975.
- Alcott 'Skei' Gwentshe: An hana shi Nuwamba 1952; an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 9 a kurkuku saboda karya umarnin hanawa, 26 Maris 1953.
- Bertha Gxowa: An hana ta a 1960.[26]
- Adelaine Hain: An hana ta a 1963.[27]
- Viola Hashe: An hana ta a 1963 har zuwa mutuwarta a 1977.[28]
- Ruth Hayman: An hana ta daga 1966 zuwa 1981 (ta mutu a gudun hijira).
- Sedick Isaacs: An hana shi daga 1977 zuwa 1984.[29][30]
- Helen Joseph: An hana ta sau hudu, farawa a 1957.
- Ronnie Kasrils: An hana shi 1962 zuwa 1990.
- Clive Keegan (tsohon mataimakin shugaban NUSAS): An hana shi 27 Fabrairu 1973 na shekaru biyar; ya tafi Botswana a boye a 1976.[19][20]
- Bennie Khoapa: An hana shi 1973 zuwa 1978; ya tafi gudun hijira 1978.[31]
- Theo Kotze:[17] An hana shi 17 Oktoba 1977 na shekaru biyar.
- Sheila Barsel Lapinsky (babban sakatariyar NUSAS): An hana ta 27 Fabrairu 1973 zuwa 31 Maris 1978. Ita ce kadai daga cikin rukunin membobin NUSAS da aka hana a wannan ranar da ta yi aikinta a kasar.[32][dead link][19][20]
- Philippe Le Roux (memba na NUSAS): An hana shi 27 Fabrairu 1973 na shekaru biyar. Ya bar kasar da izinin fita.[19][20]
- Norman Levy: An hana shi a 1964, ya tafi UK a 1968.[33]
- Petrus Willem Letlalo (memba mai kafa ANC): An hana shi 1960 zuwa 1980, gami da karkashin umarnin hana lamba 1527.[34] Ya mutu yana da shekaru 99, bayan bugun jini mai raunatawa a 1981.[35]
- Albert Lutuli: An hana shi 1952 zuwa 1967.
- Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
- Elizabeth Mafekeng: An hana ta a 1959.[36]
- Mac Maharaj: An hana shi bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku a 1976; ya tafi gudun hijira a 1977.[37]
- Trevor Manuel: An hana shi 1985 zuwa 1986, an sake hana shi a 1988.
- Todd Matshikiza[38]
- Joe Matthews: An hana shi a 1953 (ya tafi gudun hijira a 1960).[39]
- Cedric Mayson:[17] An hana shi 17 Oktoba 1977 na shekaru biyar.
- Fatima Meer: An hana ta a 1952.
- Florence Mkhize: An hana ta a 1952.
- Mary Moodley: An hana ta a 1963.[40]
- Kay Moonsamy: An hana shi a 1963.
- Josie Mpama: An hana ta a 1955.[41]
- H. Selby Msimang: An hana shi a 1967.[42]
- Shulamith Muller: An hana ta a 1962; ta tafi gudun hijira a 1962 (ta mutu a gudun hijira a 1978).
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Suppression of Communism, Act no. 44 of 1950, full text PDF" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named936bannings - ↑ "Banned People in Apartheid-era South Africa". Overcoming Apartheid. Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ↑ Herbstein, Denis (24 September 1999). "Phyllis Altman". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ↑ "Jacqueline (Jackie) Arenstein". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ Berger, Iris (1992). Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900–1980. Indiana University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-85255-077-9. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ↑ Hooper-Box, Caroline (2003-12-07). "Who was on the apartheid police spy list?". IOL. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ↑ David Clover (16 December 2013). "No Easy Walk to Freedom: Nelson Mandela in the Archives". Senate House Library. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016., p. 49
- ↑ "Hilda Bernstein, author, fighter for womens rights, Luthuli award winner - Profile". www.rusty-bernstein.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ↑ "Hilda Bernstein". The Independent (in Turanci). 2006-09-19. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ↑ "Treason trial to Rivonia - Rusty (Lionel) Bernstein". www.rusty-bernstein.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ↑ Forster, Katie (2016-12-18). "Five things you didn't know about anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko". The Independent (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ↑ Woods, Donald (1978). Biko. New York and London: Paddington Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8050-1899-9.
- ↑ Mangcu, Xolela (2014). Biko: A Life. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-78076-785-7.
- ↑ Hadfield, Leslie (2010). "Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village". South African Historical Journal. 62 (1): 84. doi:10.1080/02582471003778342. S2CID 143822840.
- ↑ Hill, Shannen L. (2015). Biko's Ghost: The Iconography of Black Consciousness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8166-7636-1.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 An ambata a cikin labarin game da Peter Ralph Randall
- ↑ "Peter Brown Obituary". The Independent. 2004-07-06. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Banning orders served on NUSAS leaders". www.sahistory.org.za. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 South African Democracy Education Trust (2004). The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980. Volume 2 of Road to Democracy. Unisa. p. 864. ISBN 978-1-86888-406-3. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ "The Freedom Charter is adopted in Kliptown: Sunday, 26 June 1955". South African History Online. 22 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ↑ "Bettie du Toit". South African History Online. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ↑ Paula Ensor Archived 31 Oktoba 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
- ↑ Paul Ensor[permanent dead link] at Tshisimani Centre for Activist Education
- ↑ Sutherland, Allan (16 December 2011). "Vic Finkelstein: Academic anddisability activist". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ↑ "ANC Veteran, Bertha Gxowa, Dies". SA News. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ↑ "Anti-apartheid activist Adelaine Hain dies aged 92". IOL News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
- ↑ "Viola Hashe". South African History Online. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ↑ "My heart goes through leaps and bounds". www.ihrc.org.uk. 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ↑ "Sedick Isaacs". www.sahistory.org.za. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ↑ "Bennie Khoapa Khoapa". www.sahistory.org.za. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ↑ Sheila Lapinsky nee Barsel Archived 31 Oktoba 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
- ↑ Testard, Jacques (August 2013). "Interview with Deborah Levy". The White Review. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ↑ "South African Dept. of Justice list of banned persons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ↑ "1969 UN List of Opponents to Apartheid Subjected to Banning Orders in South Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ↑ "Food and Allied Workers Union". www.fawu.org.za. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
- ↑ "TRC testimony of Mac Maharaj". www.justice.gov.za. 2 November 1998. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ↑ Matshikiza, John (1999). "Matshika, Todd Tazoma". In Sonderling, Nelly E. (ed.). New Dictionary of South African Biography. 2. Pretoria: Vista University. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-86828-133-7 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ "Vincent Joseph Gaobakwe Matthews | South African History Online". Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ↑ Human Sciences Research Council (2000). Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo. HSRC Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-7969-1966-3. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ↑ Edgar, Robert R. (22 April 2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ↑ "Alan Stewart Paton (1903-1988)". Concord. March 1997. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
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