Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Indonesia
 Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| jerin maƙaloli na Wikimedia | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Indonesiya |
Yanayin ƙasa na Indonesiya yana mamaye da dutsen mai aman wuta waɗanda aka kafa saboda yankuna da ke ƙasa tsakanin farantin Eurasian da farantin Indo-Australian. Wasu daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka sun shahara saboda fashewar su, alal misali, Krakatoa saboda tasirinsa na duniya a 1883, Lake Toba Caldera don fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta da aka kiyasta ya faru shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata wanda ke da alhakin shekaru shida na hunturu mai aman wuta.
Volcanoes a Indonesiya wani bangare ne na bel mai tsayi da Ring of Fire na Pacific. Abubuwan shigarwa 150 a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa an haɗa su zuwa yankuna shida na yanki, waɗanda huɗu daga cikinsu na cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na tsarin mahara na Sunda Arc. Ragowar rukunoni biyun su ne tsaunukan Halmahera, gami da tsibiran da ke kewaye da su, da tudun Sulawesi da tsibirin Sangihe. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe tana cikin baka mai aman wuta tare da tsaunukan Philippine.
Dutsen Merapi mafi girma a cikin Java. Tun AD 1000, Kelut ya barke fiye da sau 30, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya kasance a sikelin 5 akan ma'aunin fashewar volcanic (VEI), yayin da Dutsen Merapi ya tashi sama da sau 80. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Duniya ta sanya sunan Dutsen Merapi a matsayin Dutsen Volcano na Shekaru Goma tun daga 1995 saboda yawan aikin da yake yi.
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Indonesia tana da tsaunuka masu fashewa 127 kuma kimanin mutane miliyan 5 suna zaune a cikin yankunan haɗari. An yi la'akari da cewa girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na 26 ga Disamba 2004 na iya haifar da fashewa, tare da Dutsen Sinabung (mai barci tun daga 1600s) fashewa a cikin 2010 a matsayin misali mai yiwuwa.[1]
Kalmar Dutsen a cikin Indonesian da yawancin yarukan yanki na ƙasar shine Gunung . Don haka, ana iya kiran Dutsen Merapi da Gunung Merapi .
Yankin da ake ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babu ma'anar ma'auni guda ɗaya na dutsen mai aman wuta. Ana iya siffanta su azaman filaye guda ɗaya, gine-ginen volcanic, ko filayen volcanic. Ciki na tsohon tsaunukan tsaunuka na iya zama lalacewa, wanda ya haifar da sabon ɗakin magma na ƙasa a matsayin wani dutsen mai aman wuta daban. Yawancin volcanoes masu aiki na zamani suna tashi a matsayin mazugi masu tasowa daga magudanar ruwa ko a wani rami na tsakiya. Wasu mazugi masu aman wuta ana harhadasu zuwa sunan dutsen mai aman wuta guda daya, alal misali, hadaddun Tengger caldera, yayin da, mutanen gida ne ke sanya wa matsuguni suna. Matsayin dutsen mai aman wuta, ko dai yana aiki ko yana barci, ba za a iya bayyana shi daidai ba. Alamun dutsen mai aman wuta ana ƙayyade ta ko dai bayanansa na tarihi, kwanan wata na rediyo, ko ayyukan geothermal.
Babban tushen jerin da ke ƙasa an ɗauko shi ne daga littafin Volcanoes na Duniya, wanda masana kimiyyar wuta Tom Simkin da Lee Siebert suka haɗa, [a] wanda a cikinsa aka jera tsaunuka masu ƙarfi a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata (Holocene). Musamman ga Indonesiya, Simkin da Siebert sun yi amfani da kasida na masu aman wuta daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya. An ɗauko tushen ƙarin sabbin bayanai na volcanic daga Binciken Volcanological na Indonesia, da wasu albarkatun ilimi..[2]
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sumatra
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yanayin kasa na Sumatra ya mamaye wani yanki mai suna Bukit Barisan (lit: "jere na tuddai"). Tsawon dutsen ya kai kusan kilomita 1,700 (mita 1,100) daga arewa zuwa kudu na tsibirin, kuma an kafa shi ta hanyar motsin farantin tectonic na Australiya. Girgizar kasa ta Sumatra – Andaman ta 2004 babbar girgizar kasa ce da ta faru a yammacin yankin Sumatra, gami da girgizar kasa na Sumatra – Andaman na 2004. Motsin tectonic ya kasance alhakin ba kawai girgizar ƙasa ba, har ma don samar da ɗakunan magma a ƙarƙashin tsibirin..[3]
Ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka 35, Weh, ya rabu da babban yankin Sumatran. Rabuwar ta faru ne sakamakon wata babbar fashewa da ta cika tsaunin da ke tsakanin Weh da sauran yankin da ruwan teku a zamanin Pleistocene. Dutsen dutse mafi girma a Sumatra shine Toba supervolcano tsakanin kilomita 100 (62 mi) × 30 km (19 mi) na tafkin Toba. An kiyasta fashewar ya kasance a mataki na takwas akan ma'aunin VEI, matakin mafi girma na fashewar aman wuta. Mafi girman kololuwar tsauni shine Dutsen Kerinci mai tsayin mita 3,800 (12,467 ft).
| Name | Shape | Elevation | Last eruption (VEI) | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weh | stratovolcano | 617 metres (2,024 ft) | Pleistocene | 5°49′N 95°17′E / 5.82°N 95.28°E |
| Seulawah Agam | stratovolcano | 1,810 metres (5,940 ft) | 1839 (2) | 5°26′53″N 95°39′29″E / 5.448°N 95.658°E |
| Peuet Sague | complex volcano | 2,801 metres (9,190 ft) | 25 December 2000 (2) | 4°54′50″N 96°19′44″E / 4.914°N 96.329°E |
| Geureudong | stratovolcano | 2,885 metres (9,465 ft) | 1937 | 4°48′47″N 96°49′12″E / 4.813°N 96.82°E |
| Kembar | shield volcano | 2,245 metres (7,365 ft) | Pleistocene | 3°51′00″N 97°39′50″E / 3.850°N 97.664°E |
| Sibayak | stratovolcano | 2,212 metres (7,257 ft) | 1881 | 3°14′N 98°31′E / 3.23°N 98.52°E |
| Sinabung | stratovolcano | 2,460 metres (8,070 ft) | 2 March 2021 (4)[4] | 3°10′12″N 98°23′31″E / 3.17°N 98.392°E |
| Toba | supervolcano | 2,157 metres (7,077 ft) | 75000 BC (8) | 2°35′N 98°50′E / 2.58°N 98.83°E |
| Helatoba-Tarutung | fumarole field | 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) | Pleistocene | 2°02′N 98°56′E / 2.03°N 98.93°E |
| Imun | unknown | 1,505 metres (4,938 ft) | unknown | 2°09′29″N 98°55′48″E / 2.158°N 98.93°E |
| Sibualbuali | stratovolcano | 1,819 metres (5,968 ft) | unknown | 1°33′22″N 99°15′18″E / 1.556°N 99.255°E |
| Lubukraya | stratovolcano | 1,862 metres (6,109 ft) | unknown | 1°28′41″N 99°12′32″E / 1.478°N 99.209°E |
| Sorikmarapi | stratovolcano | 2,145 metres (7,037 ft) | 2018 | 0°41′10″N 99°32′20″E / 0.686°N 99.539°E |
| Talakmau | complex volcano | 2,919 metres (9,577 ft) | unknown | 0°04′44″N 99°58′48″E / 0.079°N 99.98°E |
| Sarik-Gajah | volcanic cone | unknown | unknown | 0°00′29″N 100°12′00″E / 0.008°N 100.20°E |
| Marapi | complex volcano | 2,885 metres (9,465 ft) | 2025 (continuing) | 0°22′52″S 100°28′23″E / 0.381°S 100.473°E |
| Tandikat | stratovolcano | 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) | 1924 (1) | 0°25′59″S 100°19′01″E / 0.433°S 100.317°E |
| Talang | stratovolcano | 2,597 metres (8,520 ft) | 27 November 2007 (2) | 0°58′41″S 100°40′44″E / 0.978°S 100.679°E |
| Kerinci | stratovolcano | 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) | 2024 (on going) | 1°41′49″S 101°15′50″E / 1.697°S 101.264°E |
| Hutapanjang | stratovolcano | 2,021 metres (6,631 ft) | unknown | 2°20′S 101°36′E / 2.33°S 101.60°E |
| Sumbing | stratovolcano | 2,507 metres (8,225 ft) | 23 May 1921 (2) | 2°24′50″S 101°43′41″E / 2.414°S 101.728°E |
| Masurai | stratovolcano | 2,916 metres (9,567 ft) | Pleistocene | 2°30′11″S 101°43′41″E / 2.503°S 101.728°E |
| Kunyit | stratovolcano | 2,151 metres (7,057 ft) | unknown | 2°35′31″S 101°51′00″E / 2.592°S 101.85°E |
| Pendan | unknown | unknown | unknown | 2°49′S 102°01′E / 2.82°S 102.02°E |
| Belirang-Beriti | complex volcano | 1,958 metres (6,424 ft) | unknown | 2°49′S 102°11′E / 2.82°S 102.18°E |
| Bukit Daun | stratovolcano | 2,467 metres (8,094 ft) | unknown | 3°23′S 102°22′E / 3.38°S 102.37°E |
| Kaba | stratovolcano | 1,952 metres (6,404 ft) | 22 August 2000 (1) | 3°31′S 102°37′E / 3.52°S 102.62°E |
| Dempo | stratovolcano | 3,173 metres (10,410 ft) | 2025 | 4°02′S 103°08′E / 4.03°S 103.13°E |
| Patah | unknown | 2,817 metres (9,242 ft) | unknown | 4°16′S 103°18′E / 4.27°S 103.30°E |
| Bukit Lumut Balai | stratovolcano | 2,055 metres (6,742 ft) | unknown | 4°14′S 103°37′E / 4.23°S 103.62°E |
| Besar | stratovolcano | 1,899 metres (6,230 ft) | April 1940 (1) | 4°26′S 103°40′E / 4.43°S 103.67°E |
| Ranau | caldera | 1,881 metres (6,171 ft) | unknown | 4°50′S 103°55′E / 4.83°S 103.92°E |
| Sekincau Belirang | caldera | 1,719 metres (5,640 ft) | unknown | 5°07′S 104°19′E / 5.12°S 104.32°E |
| Suoh | caldera | 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) | 24 May 2024 | 5°15′S 104°16′E / 5.25°S 104.27°E |
| Hulubelu | caldera | 1,040 metres (3,410 ft) | 1836 | 5°21′S 104°36′E / 5.35°S 104.60°E |
| Rajabasa | stratovolcano | 1,281 metres (4,203 ft) | 1798 | 5°46′48″S 105°37′30″E / 5.78°S 105.625°E |
Sunda Strait da Java
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mashigin Sunda ya raba tsibiran Sumatra da Java tare da tsibirin Krakatoa mai aman wuta da ke kwance a tsakaninsu. Krakatau ya barke da tashin hankali a shekara ta 1883, inda ya lalata kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin tare da barin wani babban caldera a karkashin teku. An ji wannan mummunar fashewar har zuwa tsibirin Rodrigues kusa da Mauritius (kimanin kilomita 4,800 (mil 3,000). Wani sabon mazugi na parasitic, mai suna Anak Krakatau (ko ɗan Krakatau), ya tashi daga teku a tsakiyar caldera.
Java ɗan ƙaramin tsibiri ne idan aka kwatanta da Sumatra, amma yana da babban taro na dutsen mai aman wuta. Akwai duwatsu masu aman wuta guda 45 a tsibirin, da suka hada da kananan ramuka 20 da mazugi a cikin katafaren dutsen na Dieng da kuma matasa masu aman wuta a rukunin Tengger caldera. Wasu tsaunukan tsaunuka an haɗa su tare a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa saboda kusancin wurin da suke. Dutsen Merapi, Semeru da Kelud sune mafi yawan duwatsu masu aman wuta a Java. Dutsen Semeru yana ci gaba da fashewa tun 1967. Ana kiran Dutsen Merapi a matsayin daya daga cikin Volcanoes na tsawon shekaru goma tun 1995. Ijen yana da tafki na caldera mai launi na musamman wanda shine tafki na dabi'a na acidic (pH<0.3). Akwai ayyukan hakar sulfur a Ijen, inda masu hakar ma'adinai ke tattara manyan duwatsun sulfur da hannu..
| Name | Shape | Elevation | Last eruption (VEI) | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krakatau | caldera | 813 metres (2,667 ft) | 2023 6°06′07″S 105°25′23″E / 6.102°S 105.423°E | |
| Pulosari | stratovolcano | 1,346 metres (4,416 ft) | unknown | 6°20′31″S 105°58′30″E / 6.342°S 105.975°E |
| Gunung Karang | stratovolcano | 1,778 metres (5,833 ft) | unknown | 6°16′12″S 106°02′31″E / 6.27°S 106.042°E |
| Salak | stratovolcano | 2,211 metres (7,254 ft) | 31 January 1938 (2) | 6°43′S 106°44′E / 6.72°S 106.73°E |
| Kiaraberes-Gagak | stratovolcano | 1,511 metres (4,957 ft) | 6 April 1939 (1) | 6°44′S 106°39′E / 6.73°S 106.65°E |
| Perbakti | stratovolcano | 1,699 metres (5,574 ft) | unknown | 6°45′S 106°41′E / 6.75°S 106.68°E |
| Kendeng | stratovolcano | 1,732 metres (5,682 ft) | Pleistocene | 6°46′05″S 106°31′34″E / 6.768°S 106.526°E |
| Gede | stratovolcano | 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) | 13 March 1957 (2) | 6°47′S 106°59′E / 6.78°S 106.98°E |
| Pangrango | stratovolcano | 3,026 metres (9,928 ft) | unknown | 6°46′12″S 106°57′36″E / 6.770°S 106.96°E |
| Patuha | stratovolcano | 2,434 metres (7,986 ft) | unknown | 7°09′36″S 107°24′00″E / 7.160°S 107.40°E |
| Wayang-Windu | lava dome | 2,182 metres (7,159 ft) | unknown | 7°12′29″S 107°37′48″E / 7.208°S 107.63°E |
| Malabar | stratovolcano | 2,343 metres (7,687 ft) | unknown | 7°08′S 107°39′E / 7.13°S 107.65°E |
| Tangkuban Perahu | stratovolcano | 2,084 metres (6,837 ft) | 26 June 2019 (1) | 6°46′S 107°36′E / 6.77°S 107.60°E |
| Papandayan | stratovolcano | 2,665 metres (8,743 ft) | 11 November 2002 (2) | 7°19′S 107°44′E / 7.32°S 107.73°E |
| Kendang | stratovolcano | 2,608 metres (8,556 ft) | unknown | 7°14′S 107°43′E / 7.23°S 107.72°E |
| Kamojang | stratovolcano | 1,730 metres (5,680 ft) | Pleistocene | 7°07′30″S 107°48′00″E / 7.125°S 107.80°E |
| Guntur | complex volcano | 2,249 metres (7,379 ft) | 16 October 1847 (2) | 7°08′35″S 107°50′24″E / 7.143°S 107.840°E |
| Tampomas | stratovolcano | 1,684 metres (5,525 ft) | unknown | 6°46′S 107°57′E / 6.77°S 107.95°E |
| Galunggung | stratovolcano | 2,168 metres (7,113 ft) | 9 January 1984 (1) | 7°15′00″S 108°03′29″E / 7.25°S 108.058°E |
| Talagabodas | stratovolcano | 2,201 metres (7,221 ft) | unknown | 7°12′29″S 108°04′12″E / 7.208°S 108.07°E |
| Karaha | fumarole | 1,155 metres (3,789 ft) | unknown | 7°07′S 108°05′E / 7.12°S 108.08°E |
| Cereme | stratovolcano | 3,078 metres (10,098 ft) | 1951 | 6°53′31″S 108°24′00″E / 6.892°S 108.40°E |
| Slamet | stratovolcano | 3,432 metres (11,260 ft) | 2014 | 7°14′31″S 109°12′29″E / 7.242°S 109.208°E |
| Dieng | complex volcano | 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) | 2025 | 7°12′S 109°55′E / 7.20°S 109.92°E |
| Sundoro | stratovolcano | 3,136 metres (10,289 ft) | 29 October 1971 (2) | 7°18′00″S 109°59′31″E / 7.30°S 109.992°E |
| Sumbing | stratovolcano | 3,371 metres (11,060 ft) | 1730 (?) | 7°23′02″S 110°04′12″E / 7.384°S 110.070°E |
| Ungaran | stratovolcano | 2,050 metres (6,730 ft) | unknown | 7°11′S 110°20′E / 7.18°S 110.33°E |
| Telomoyo | stratovolcano | 1,894 metres (6,214 ft) | unknown | 7°22′S 110°24′E / 7.37°S 110.40°E |
| Merbabu | stratovolcano | 3,145 metres (10,318 ft) | 1797 (2) | 7°27′S 110°26′E / 7.45°S 110.43°E |
| Merapi | stratovolcano | 2,968 metres (9,738 ft) | 2025 (ongoing) | 7°32′31″S 110°26′31″E / 7.542°S 110.442°E |
| Muria | stratovolcano | 1,625 metres (5,331 ft) | 160 BC ± 30 years | 6°37′S 110°53′E / 6.62°S 110.88°E |
| Lawu | stratovolcano | 3,265 metres (10,712 ft) | 28 November 1885 (1) | 7°37′30″S 111°11′31″E / 7.625°S 111.192°E |
| Wilis | stratovolcano | 2,563 metres (8,409 ft) | unknown | 7°48′29″S 111°45′29″E / 7.808°S 111.758°E |
| Kelud | stratovolcano | 1,731 metres (5,679 ft) | 13 February 2014 (4) | 7°55′48″S 112°18′29″E / 7.93°S 112.308°E |
| Kawi–Butak | stratovolcano | 2,651 metres (8,698 ft) | unknown | 7°55′S 112°27′E / 7.92°S 112.45°E |
| Arjuno–Welirang | stratovolcano | 3,339 metres (10,955 ft) | 15 August 1952 (0) | 7°43′30″S 112°34′48″E / 7.725°S 112.58°E |
| Penanggungan | stratovolcano | 1,653 metres (5,423 ft) | unknown | 7°37′S 112°38′E / 7.62°S 112.63°E |
| Malang Plain | maar | 680 metres (2,230 ft) | unknown | 8°01′S 112°41′E / 8.02°S 112.68°E |
| Semeru | stratovolcano | 3,676 metres (12,060 ft) | 2025 (ongoing) | 8°06′29″S 112°55′12″E / 8.108°S 112.92°E |
| Bromo | stratovolcano | 2,329 metres (7,641 ft) | 2023 | 7°56′31″S 112°57′00″E / 7.942°S 112.95°E |
| Lamongan | stratovolcano | 1,651 metres (5,417 ft) | 5 February 1898 (2) | 7°58′44″S 113°20′31″E / 7.979°S 113.342°E |
| Lurus | complex volcano | 539 metres (1,768 ft) | unknown | 7°44′S 113°35′E / 7.73°S 113.58°E |
| Iyang-Argapura | complex volcano | 3,088 metres (10,131 ft) | unknown | 7°58′S 113°34′E / 7.97°S 113.57°E |
| Raung | stratovolcano | 3,332 metres (10,932 ft) | 2025 (-) | 8°07′30″S 114°02′31″E / 8.125°S 114.042°E |
| Ijen | stratovolcano | 2,799 metres (9,183 ft) | 28 June 1999 (1) | 8°03′29″S 114°14′31″E / 8.058°S 114.242°E |
| Baluran | stratovolcano | 1,247 metres (4,091 ft) | unknown | 7°51′S 114°22′E / 7.85°S 114.37°E |
Tsibirin Sunda mafi ƙanƙanta ƙaramin tsibiri ne wanda, daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya ƙunshi tsibiran Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba da tsibiran Timor; dukkansu suna a gefen continental shelf na Ostiraliya. Ana yin aman wuta a yankin ne saboda ɓarkewar teku da kuma motsin da kanta. Wasu tsaunuka gaba daya suna kafa tsibiri, misali, tsibirin Sangeang Api. Dutsen Tambora, a tsibirin Sumbawa, ya fashe a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1815, tare da ma'auni na 7 akan VEI kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi tashin hankali a tarihi..[5]
| Name | Island | Shape | Elevation | Last eruption (VEI) | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merbuk | Bali | unknown | 1,386 metres (4,547 ft) | unknown | 8°13′S 114°39′E / 8.22°S 114.65°E |
| Bratan | Bali | caldera | 2,276 metres (7,467 ft) | unknown | 8°17′S 115°08′E / 8.28°S 115.13°E |
| Batur | Bali | caldera | 1,717 metres (5,633 ft) | 2000 (1) | 8°14′31″S 115°22′30″E / 8.242°S 115.375°E |
| Agung | Bali | stratovolcano | 3,031 metres (9,944 ft) | 2019 (3) | 8°20′31″S 115°30′29″E / 8.342°S 115.508°E |
| Samalas | Lombok | stratovolcano | 2,867 metres (9,406 ft) | 1257 (7) | 8°25′S 116°24′E / 8.41°S 116.40°E |
| Rinjani | Lombok | stratovolcano | 3,726 metres (12,224 ft) | 2016 (2) | 8°25′S 116°28′E / 8.42°S 116.47°E |
| Tambora | Sumbawa | stratovolcano | 2,722 metres (8,930 ft) | 1967 ± 20 years (0) | 8°15′S 118°00′E / 8.25°S 118.00°E |
| Sangeang Api | Sangeang | complex volcano | 1,949 metres (6,394 ft) | 2019 | 8°12′S 119°04′E / 8.20°S 119.07°E |
| Wai Sano | Flores | caldera | 903 metres (2,963 ft) | unknown | 8°43′S 120°01′E / 8.72°S 120.02°E |
| Poco Leok | Flores | unknown | 1,675 metres (5,495 ft) | unknown | 8°41′S 120°29′E / 8.68°S 120.48°E |
| Ranakah | Flores | lava dome | 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) | March 1991 (1) | 8°37′S 120°31′E / 8.62°S 120.52°E |
| Inierie | Flores | stratovolcano | 2,245 metres (7,365 ft) | 8050 BC | 8°52′30″S 120°57′00″E / 8.875°S 120.95°E |
| Inielika | Flores | complex volcano | 1,559 metres (5,115 ft) | 11 January 2001 (2) | 8°44′S 120°59′E / 8.73°S 120.98°E |
| Ebulobo | Flores | stratovolcano | 2,124 metres (6,969 ft) | 27 February 1969 (2) | 8°49′S 121°11′E / 8.82°S 121.18°E |
| Iya | Flores | stratovolcano | 637 metres (2,090 ft) | 27 January 1969 (3) | 8°53′49″S 121°38′42″E / 8.897°S 121.645°E |
| Sukaria | Flores | caldera | 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) | unknown | 8°47′31″S 121°46′12″E / 8.792°S 121.77°E |
| Ndete Napu | Flores | fumarole | 750 metres (2,460 ft) | unknown | 8°43′S 121°47′E / 8.72°S 121.78°E |
| Kelimutu | Flores | complex volcano | 1,639 metres (5,377 ft) | 3 June 1968 (1) | 8°46′S 121°49′E / 8.77°S 121.82°E |
| Paluweh | Palu'e | stratovolcano | 875 metres (2,871 ft) | 3 February 1985 (1) | 8°19′12″S 121°42′29″E / 8.32°S 121.708°E |
| Egon | Flores | stratovolcano | 1,703 metres (5,587 ft) | 2008 | 8°40′S 122°27′E / 8.67°S 122.45°E |
| Ilimuda | Flores | stratovolcano | 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) | unknown | 8°28′41″S 122°40′16″E / 8.478°S 122.671°E |
| Lewotobi | Flores | stratovolcano | 1,703 metres (5,587 ft) | 2025 (ongoing) (3) | 8°32′31″S 122°46′30″E / 8.542°S 122.775°E |
| Leroboleng | Flores | complex volcano | 1,117 metres (3,665 ft) | 26 June 2003 (3) | 8°21′29″S 122°50′31″E / 8.358°S 122.842°E |
| Riang Kotang | Flores | fumarole | 200 metres (660 ft) | unknown | 8°18′00″S 122°53′31″E / 8.30°S 122.892°E |
| Iliboleng | Adonara Island | stratovolcano | 1,659 metres (5,443 ft) | June 1993 (1) | 8°20′31″S 123°15′29″E / 8.342°S 123.258°E |
| Lewotolo | Lembata | stratovolcano | 1,423 metres (4,669 ft) | 2025 (ongoing) | 8°16′19″S 123°30′18″E / 8.272°S 123.505°E |
| Ililabalekan | Lembata | stratovolcano | 1,018 metres (3,340 ft) | unknown | 8°33′S 123°23′E / 8.55°S 123.38°E |
| Iliwerung | Lembata | complex volcano | 1,018 metres (3,340 ft) | 29 November 2021 | 8°32′S 123°34′E / 8.53°S 123.57°E |
| Batu Tara | Komba island | stratovolcano | 748 metres (2,454 ft) | 2007–2015 (2) | 7°47′31″S 123°34′44″E / 7.792°S 123.579°E |
| Sirung | Pantar Island | complex volcano | 862 metres (2,828 ft) | 2021 | 8°30′29″S 124°07′48″E / 8.508°S 124.13°E |
| Yersey | – | submarine | −3,800 metres (−12,500 ft) | unknown | 7°32′S 123°57′E / 7.53°S 123.95°E |
Tekun Banda
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tekun Banda a kudancin Tsibirin Molucca ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni na tsibirai. Manyan faranti uku na tectonic a ƙarƙashin teku, Farantin Eurasia, farantin Pacific da Farantin Indo-Australia, sun haɗu tun zamanin Mesozoic.[6] Dutsen wuta a cikin Tekun Banda galibi tsibirai ne, amma wasu tsaunuka ne na karkashin ruwa.
| Sunan | Yanayin | Hawan sama | Fashewar karshe (VEI) | Ma'auni |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarkin sarakuna na kasar Sin | Jirgin ruwa | −2,850 metres (−9,350 ft) | ba a sani ba | 6°37′S 124°13′E / 6.62°S 124.22°E |
| Nieuwerkerk | Jirgin ruwa | −2,285 metres (−7,497 ft) | ba a sani ba | 6°36′00″S 124°40′30″E / 6.60°S 124.675°E |
| Gunungapi Wetar | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 282 metres (925 ft) | 1699 (3) | 6°38′31″S 126°39′00″E / 6.642°S 126.65°E |
| Wurlali | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 868 metres (2,848 ft) | 3 June 1892 (2) | 7°07′30″S 128°40′30″E / 7.125°S 128.675°E |
| Teon | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 655 metres (2,149 ft) | 3 June 1904 (2) | 6°55′12″S 129°07′30″E / 6.92°S 129.125°E |
| Nila | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 781 metres (2,562 ft) | 7 ga Mayu 1968 (1) | 6°44′S 129°30′E / 6.73°S 129.50°E |
| Serua | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 641 metres (2,103 ft) | 18 Satumba 1921 (2) | 6°18′S 130°00′E / 6.30°S 130.00°E |
| Manuk | Dutsen da ke cikin wuta | 282 metres (925 ft) | ba a sani ba | 5°31′48″S 130°17′31″E / 5.53°S 130.292°E |
| Banda Api | Gidan katako | 640 metres (2,100 ft) | 9 ga Mayu 1988 (3) | 4°31′30″S 129°52′16″E / 4.525°S 129.871°E |
Tsibirin Sulawesi da Sangihe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasashe hudu sun mamaye siffar tsibirin Sulawesi (wanda aka fi sani da Celebes). Yankin tsakiya babban yanki ne mai tsayin dutse, amma galibi ba mai aman wuta ba. Ana samun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a yankin arewaci kuma a ci gaba da shimfiɗa arewa zuwa tsibirin Sangihe. Tsibirin Sangihe suna cikin Philippines.
Halmahera
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin Halmahera da ke arewacin tsibirin Molucca ya samo asali ne ta hanyar motsi na faranti uku na tectonic wanda ya haifar da jeri guda biyu na tsaunin tsaunuka, wadanda suka zama tsibirai masu duwatsu hudu da suka rabu da zurfin bays uku. Wani baka mai aman wuta ya tashi daga arewa zuwa kudu a yammacin Halmahera, wasu daga cikinsu tsibiran dutse ne, misali, Gamalama da Tidore. Sunan tsibirin Gamalama Ternate kuma ya kasance cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji tun lokacin da daular Portugal ta bude katafaren katafaren gini a shekara ta 1512. An samu bayanan tarihi na fashewar aman wuta a Halmahera tun a farkon karni na 16..
Major eruptions
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan fashewar tsaunuka a Indonesia, an tsara su a cikin lokaci ta hanyar ranar farawa ta fashewar. Sai kawai fashewa tare da sikelin 3 ko sama a kan VEI ana ba da su tare da sanannun tushe da mutuwar, sai dai idan ƙananan fashewar sikelin ya haifar da wasu mutuwar.
| Eruption date | Volcano | Cessation date | VEI | Characteristics | Tsunami | Tephra volume | Fatality | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 November 2024 | Lewotobi Laki-laki | 5 November 2024 | 3 | cv,pf,fa,lm | no | N/A | 10 | |
| 3 December 2023 | Marapi | 8 December 2023 | 3 | cv,pf,fa,lm | no | N/A | 24 | |
| 4 December 2021 | Semeru | 5 December 2021 | 4 | cv,pf,fa,lm | no | N/A | 69 | |
| 21 December 2018 | Anak Krakatoa | 10 January 2019 | 3 | cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc | 1–2 m | N/A | 437 | [7][8] |
| 13 February 2014 | Kelut | 15 February 2014 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm | no | 0.16 km3 | 4 | [9] |
| 3 November 2010 | Merapi | 8 November 2010 | 4 | cv,pf,ld,lm | no | N/A | 353 | [10] |
| 10 February 1990 | Kelut | March 1990 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm | no | 0.13 km3 | 35 | [11] |
| 18 July 1983 | Colo | December 1983 | 4 | cv,pf,ph | no | N/A | 0 | [11] |
| 5 April 1982 | Galunggung | 8 January 1983 | 4 | cv,pf,lf,lm | no | 0.37 km3 + | 68 | [12][13] |
| 6 October 1972 | Merapi | March 1985 | 2 | cv,pf,lf,ld,lm | no | 0.021 km3 | 29 | [10] |
| 26 April 1966 | Kelut | 27 April 1966 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | no | 0.089 km3 | 212 | [11] |
| 17 March 1963 | Agung | 27 January 1964 | 5 | cv,pf,lf,lm | no | 1 km3 | 1,148 | [14] |
| 31 August 1951 | Kelut | 31 August 1951 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | no | 0.2 km3 | 7 | [11] |
| 25 November 1930 | Merapi | September 1931 | 3 | cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm | no | 0.0017 km3 | 1,369 | [10] |
| 19 May 1919 | Kelut | 20 May 1919 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | no | 0.19 km3 | 5,110 | [11] |
| 7 June 1892 | Awu | 12 June 1892 | 3 | cv,pf,lm | yes | N/A | 1,532 | [15] |
| 26 August 1883 | Krakatoa | February 1884 | 6 | cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc | 15–42 m | 5–8.5 km3 | 36,600 | [16][14][17] |
| 15 April 1872 | Merapi | 21 April 1872 | 4 | cv,pf | no | 0.33 km3 | 200 | [10] |
| 2 March 1856 | Awu | 17 March 1856 | 3 | cv,pf,lm | yes | 0.51±0.50 km3 | 2,806 | [15] |
| 8 October 1822 | Galunggung | December 1822 | 5 | cv,pf,ld,lm | no | 1 km3 + | 4,011 | [11] |
| 10 April 1815 | Mount Tambora | 15 July 1815 | 7 | cv,pf,cc | 1–2 m | 160 km3 | 71,000+ | [5][18] |
| 6 August 1812 | Awu | 8 August 1812 | 4 | cv,pf,lm | no | 0.55±0.50 km3 | 963 | [15] |
| 12 August 1772 | Papandayan | 12 August 1772 | 3 | cv,ph | no | N/A | 2,957 | [19] |
| 4 August 1672 | Merapi | unknown | 3 | cv,pf,lm | no | N/A | 3,000 | [10] |
| 1586 | Kelut | unknown | 5 | cf,cl,lm | no | 1 km3 + | 10,000 | [11] |
| September 1257 | Samalas | unknown | 7 | [20] | ||||
| ≈ 74,000 BP | Toba | unknown | 9 | pf,lf,cc | likely | 2,800 km3 | Possible near extinction of all the human population | [21] |
- ↑ "Indonesia Miliki 127 Gunung Api Aktif". 2 May 2012.
- ↑ "Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation". Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ Simoes, M.; Avouac, J.P.; Cattin, R.; Henry, P. (2004). "The Sumatra subduction zone: A case for a locked fault zone extending into the mantle" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (B10): B10402. Bibcode:2004JGRB..10910402S. doi:10.1029/2003JB002958. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2006.
- ↑ "Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report". Smithsonian Institution. 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science. 224 (4654): 1191–1198. Bibcode:1984Sci...224.1191S. doi:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191. PMID 17819476. S2CID 23649251.
- ↑ Christian Honthaasa; Jean-Pierre Réhaulta; René C. Maurya; Hervé Bellona; Christophe Hémonda; Jacques-André Maloda; Jean-Jacques Cornéeb; Michel Villeneuveb; Joseph Cottena; Safri Burhanuddinc; Hervé Guilloud; Nicolas Arnaud (1998). "A Neogene back-arc origin for the Banda Sea basins: geochemical and geochronological constraints from the Banda ridges (East Indonesia)". Tectonophysics. 298 (4): 297–317. Bibcode:1998Tectp.298..297H. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00190-5.
- ↑ Albert (4 January 2019). "The rise and fall of Anak Krakatau". VolcanoCafe. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
- ↑ "Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
- ↑ "Kelut Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "Merapi Eruptive History". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "Large Holocene Eruptions". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on Dec 30, 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- ↑ Katili, J.A. & Sudradjat, A. (1984). "Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption". Volcanology Survei Indonesia: 102.
- ↑ "Galunggung, Java, Indonesia". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Michael R. Rampino & Stephen Self (1982). "Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact". Quaternary Research. 18 (2): 127–143. Bibcode:1982QuRes..18..127R. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5. S2CID 140594715.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Awu's Eruptive History". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ B.H. Choi; E. Pelinovsky; K.O. Kim; J.S. Lee (2003). "Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 3 (5): 321–332. Bibcode:2003NHESS...3..321C. doi:10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. Bibcode:2003PrPG...27..230O. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
- ↑ "The Deadliest Eruptions". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ↑ Vidal, Céline M.; Komorowski, Jean-Christophe; Métrich, Nicole; Pratomo, Indyo; Kartadinata, Nugraha; Prambada, Oktory; Michel, Agnès; Carazzo, Guillaume; Lavigne, Franck; Rodysill, Jessica; Fontijn, Karen; Surono (8 August 2015). "Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)". Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (9): 73. Bibcode:2015BVol...77...73V. doi:10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9. S2CID 127929333.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, C. (2002). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (14–15): 1593–1609. Bibcode:2002QSRv...21.1593O. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8.