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Jihar Musulunci - Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya

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Jihar Musulunci - Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya
Bayanai
Iri ƙungiyar ta'addanci da armed organization (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Mozambik, Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango da Uganda
Ideology (en) Fassara Salafi jihadism (en) Fassara
Aiki
Bangare na Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi
Mulki
Shugaba Musa Baluku (en) Fassara da Abu Yasir Hassan (mul) Fassara
Hedkwata Mocímboa da Praia (en) Fassara
Mamallaki Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 2018

Jihar Musulunci - Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya (abbreviated IS-CAP, wanda aka fi sani da Afirka ta Tsakiya Wilayah da Wilayat Wasat Ifriqiya) yanki ne na gudanarwa na Jihar Musulmi (IS), ƙungiyar mayakan Jihadi na Salafi kuma ba a san ta da ita ba. A sakamakon rashin bayanai, ranar tushe da girman yankin lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya suna da wuyar auna, yayin da ƙarfin soja da ayyukan haɗin lardin suna jayayya. Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya da farko ya rufe duk ayyukan IS a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Mozambique da Uganda. A watan Satumbar 2020, a lokacin tashin hankali a Cabo Delgado, IS-CAP ta sauya dabarun ta daga kai hari zuwa mamaye yankin da gaske, kuma ta ayyana garin Mozambican na Mocímboa da Praia babban birninta. Bayan wannan batu, duk da haka, reshen Mozambican ya ƙi kuma an raba shi daga IS-CAP a cikin 2022, ya zama lardin IS daban; a sakamakon haka, wannan ya bar IS-C AP don aiki a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Uganda.

Tarihi

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Tushe

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Bayan da ta kwace yankuna da yawa a Siriya da Iraki, da kuma sanar da ita na sake dawo da KHalifa, Jihar Islama (IS) ta zama sananniya a duniya kuma abokiyar kyawawan halaye ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama da kungiyoyin ta'addanci a duniya. Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da yawa a Yammacin Afirka, Somaliya da Sahara sun rantse da biyayya ga IS; waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun karu da muhimmanci yayin da babban ɓangaren IS a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya ƙi. Duk da karuwar muhimmancin kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan IS a yamma, arewa, da gabashin Afirka, babu wata babbar ƙungiyar IS da ta tashi a tsakiya da kudancin Afirka na tsawon shekaru.[6] An kafa wata ƙungiya da aka sani da "Jihar Islama a Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda" a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, amma tana aiki ne kawai a Somalia da Kenya na ɗan gajeren lokaci.[7]

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an buga bidiyon da ya nuna karamin adadin 'yan ta'adda a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo wadanda suka yi iƙirarin kasancewa mambobi ne na kungiyar "City of Monotheism and Monotheists" (MTM) a kan tashoshin pro-IS. Shugaban 'yan ta'adda ya ci gaba da cewa "wannan shine Dar al-Islam na Jihar Islama a Afirka ta Tsakiya" kuma ya nemi wasu mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya su yi tafiya zuwa yankin MTM, su shiga cikin' yan ta'adda kuma su yi yaƙi da gwamnati. Jaridar Long War ta lura cewa kodayake wannan ƙungiyar mai goyon bayan IS a Kongo ta zama ƙarami sosai, fitowarta ta sami kulawa mai yawa daga masu goyon bayan IS. Daga baya an yi jayayya game da yanayin MTM. Kungiyar Bincike ta Kongo (CRG) ta yi jayayya a cikin 2018 cewa MTM a zahiri wani ɓangare ne na Sojojin Dimokuradiyya (ADF), ƙungiyar Islama da ta yi tawaye a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da makwabciyar Uganda na shekaru da yawa. Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa ADF ta fara ba da hadin kai tare da IS, kuma cewa MTM ita ce yunkurin samun goyon baya a fili daga masu goyon bayan Jihar Islama.[9] IS-Central mai yiwuwa ya fara tallafawa ADF ta hanyar Waleed Ahmed Zein na Kenya, a wannan shekarar.[1] Halifa mai ikirarin kansa na IS Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ya fara ambaton "Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya" a cikin jawabin da ya yi a watan Agusta 2018, yana ba da shawarar cewa wannan reshe ya riga ya wanzu.[2]

A tsakiyar shekara ta 2018, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yi iƙirarin cewa mayakan Islama sun shiga arewacin Mozambique, inda 'yan tawayen Islama na Ansar al-Sunna suka riga sun yi tawaye tun shekara ta 2017.[lower-alpha 1] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, wasu 'yan tawayen Mozambican sun sanya hoton kansu suna nuna tutar baki wacce IS ta yi amfani da ita, amma kuma wasu kungiyoyin Jihadist. Gabaɗaya, kasancewar IS a Mozambique ya kasance mai jayayya a lokacin, kuma 'yan sanda na ƙasar sun musanta cewa masu goyon bayan Jihar Islama suna aiki a yankin.[3]

Fitowar jama'a

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Taswirar gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren aiki na IS-CAP. Beni tana cikin Arewacin Kivu kusa da iyakar Uganda .

Yawancin kafofin yada labarai na Jihadist kamar su Amaq News Agency, Nashir News Agency, da Al-Naba newsletter sun bayyana a watan Afrilun 2019 cewa "Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya" na Jihar Musulunci ya kai hare-hare a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Wannan alama ce ta farko da IS-CAP ta fito a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci.[2][4] Hare-haren farko da lardin IS ta Afirka ta Tsakiya ta yi niyya ga Sojojin Kongo (FARDC) a ƙauyen Kamango da kuma sansanin soja a Bovata a ranar 18 ga Afrilu; yankunan biyu suna kusa da Beni, kusa da iyakar da Uganda.[6] Ya kasance ba a san yawan mayakan da ke Kongo sun shiga IS ba; [2] ɗan jarida Sunguta West ya ɗauki sanarwar Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin ƙoƙari na IS mai rauni "don bunkasa son kai da ƙarfin aikinsa" bayan da aka ci shi a Siriya da Iraki.[16] Hoton da jaridar Al-Naba ta fitar ya nuna kimanin mambobi 15 na IS-CAP. Jaridar Defense Post ta yi jayayya cewa wani bangare mai rarraba na ADF mai yiwuwa ya shiga IS-CAP, yayin da jagorancin ADF ba su yi bay'ah (" rantsuwa da aminci") ga Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ko IS gabaɗaya ba.[2] Mai bincike Marcel Heritier Kapiteni gabaɗaya ya yi shakkar ko mabiyan Daular Islama sun shiga cikin hare-haren kwata-kwata, yana jayayya cewa IS-CAP bazai zama kayan aikin farfaganda ba a cikin "yaƙin kafofin watsa labarai". A cewarsa, "yanayin DRC ba shi da kyau ga Musulunci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi". Koyaya, an buga bidiyon farfaganda a watan Yunin 2019 wanda ya nuna shugaban ADF Musa Baluku yana alkawarin biyayya ga IS.[5]

A ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 2019, IS ta yi iƙirarin cewa lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya ya kai hari kan Sojojin Tsaro na Mozambique (FADM) a Mitopy a cikin Gundumar Mocímboa da Praia, Mozambique . Akalla mutane 16 ne suka mutu kuma kimanin mutane 12 suka ji rauni yayin harin. A wannan lokacin, IS ta dauki Ansar al-Sunna a matsayin daya daga cikin masu alaƙa da ita, kodayake yawan 'yan tawayen Islama a Mozambique sun kasance masu aminci ga IS ba a san su ba.[6] Jaridar Defense Post ta yi jayayya cewa ba zai yiwu a yanke hukunci ko IS-CAP ne ya kai harin ko wani rukuni mai dauke da makamai saboda rashin bayanai game da 'yan tawaye a Mozambique. A kowane hali, 'yan sanda na Mozambique sun sake musanta cewa duk wani bangare na IS yana aiki a kasar.[3] A watan Oktoba na 2019, IS-CAP ta gudanar da kwanto sau biyu a kan jami'an tsaro na Mozambican da kuma hadin gwiwar Rasha Wagner Group a lardin Cabo Delgado, an ruwaito cewa sun kashe sojoji 27. [7] Sabanin karuwar kasancewarsa a Mozambique, ayyukan IS-CAP a Kongo sun kasance karami a sikelin da adadi a ƙarshen 2019. Mai bincike Nicholas Lazarides ya yi jayayya cewa wannan ya tabbatar da rashin jituwa da ADF tare da IS, yana nuna cewa IS-CAP hakika ƙungiya ce mai rarrabuwa.[22] Dangane da haka, babban muhimmancin Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya ya sanya a cikin darajar farfaganda da kuma damar da za ta iya girma ta hanyar haɗi tare da ingantaccen, sanannen ƙungiyar IS.[23]

Ƙarin aiki a Mozambique da Kongo da rabuwa a cikin ADF

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Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya ya yi alkawarin amincewa da sabon Khalifa na IS Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2019. [8] A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2020, Mayakan IS-CAP sun kashe fararen hula 52 a kauyen Xitaxi na arewacin Mozambique lokacin da suka ki shiga rundunonin su. Daga baya a wannan watan, hukumomin Mozambican sun yarda a karo na farko cewa mabiyan Jihar Islama suna aiki a kasar.[9] A ranar 27 ga Yuni, sojojin IS-CAP sun mamaye garin Mocímboa da Praia na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ya sa yawancin mazauna garin su gudu.[10] Jaridar al-Naba ta Jihar Musulunci saboda haka ta yi la'akari da nasarorin da IS-CAP ta samu a Mozambique, tana mai da'awar cewa "sojojin Crusader Mozambique" da "masu kwangila na Crusader Rasha" (a.k.a. kungiyar Wagner) sojojin Jihar Musulmi na gida suna kore su.[11] A wannan lokacin, Afirka ta Kudu ta aika da Sojoji na musamman don taimakawa jami'an tsaro na Mozambican a kan 'yan tawaye, gami da IS-CAP.[12]

Bugu da kari, IS-CAP ta kara hare-haren ta a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, tare da ayyuka 33 daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Mafi shahararren yajin aikin ya faru ne a ranar 22 ga Yuni, lokacin da mayakan Daular Musulunci suka yi kwanton bauna ga masu zaman lafiya na Indonesiya a kusa da Beni, inda suka kashe daya kuma suka ji wa wani rauni.[13] A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2020, IS-CAP ta kayar da Sojojin Tsaro na Mozambique kuma ta sake samun nasarar karbar garin Mocimboa da Praia a cikin Babban hari. Jihadists sun kuma yi shelar cewa sun kama wasu ƙauyuka da yawa da kuma sansanonin soja guda biyu a kusa da garin, sun kwace makamai da harsashi masu yawa. Daga baya 'yan tawaye suka ayyana Mocímboa da Praia babban birnin lardin su, kuma suka kara fadada mallakarsu ta hanyar kama tsibirai da yawa a cikin Tekun Indiya a watan Satumba, tare da Tsibirin Vamizi shine mafi shahara. An tilasta wa dukkan mazauna tsibirin barin tsibirin, kuma duk otal-otal na alatu sun kone. A wannan lokacin, IS-CAP ya zama ɗaya daga cikin "mafi mahimman larduna" na IS a Afirka.[14]

A watan Satumbar 2020, an buga bidiyon farfaganda inda Musa Baluku ya bayyana cewa ADF ta daina wanzuwa kuma IS-CAP ta maye gurbin ta.[5] A wannan lokacin, "babban bangare" na ADF sun shiga Baluku don zama wani ɓangare na IS, yayin da karamin rabuwa ya kasance mai aminci ga manufofin tsohon shugaban ADF Jamil Mukulu kuma daga baya ya karɓi sunan "Pan-Ugandan Liberation Initiative" (PULI).[5][5] Kungiyar Crisis ta Duniya ta yi jayayya cewa bangarorin da ke adawa sun rabu da ƙasa, tare da wasu abubuwa da ke motsawa zuwa Dutsen Rwenzori, yayin da wasu suka koma Lardin Ituri.

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sojojin IS-CAP sun sami nasarar sakin fursunoni sama da 1,335 a gidan yarin Kangbayi na tsakiya a Beni, wanda ya sa wannan harin ya zama daya daga cikin manyan fursunonin IS a cikin shekaru. Duk da irin waɗannan nasarorin, IS-CAP na Kongo ba ta iya fadada kasancewarta sosai ba a ƙarshen 2020.[15] Sabanin haka, IS-CAP ta shiga cikin wani Palma" id="mwARk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Battle of Palma">hari kan garin Palma a Mozambique a ƙarshen Maris 2021. Kodayake 'yan tawaye sun janye daga sulhu bayan da jami'an tsaro na Mozambican suka kai hari a farkon watan Afrilu, yakin ya bar Palma ya fi lalacewa kuma fararen hula da yawa sun mutu. IS-CAP ta janye tare da ganima mai yawa, kuma cibiyar lura da rikice-rikice ta Cable Ligado ta kammala cewa yakin nasara ce ga 'yan tawaye.[16]

Girman reshen Kongo, koma baya ga reshen Mozambican, da rarrabawar hukuma ta lardin

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Rundunar MONUSCO-FARDC a kusa da Mutwanga, tana kare yankin daga hare-haren ADF / IS-CAP, Afrilu 2021.

Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin fashewar bam biyu a watan Yunin 2021. A Beni, wani mutumin Uganda ya fashe fashewa a wani wuri mai cike da mutane, yayin da mutane biyu suka ji rauni lokacin da aka fashe na'urar fashewa cikin cocin Katolika.[17] A cewar wani mai magana da yawun soja na Kongo, an gano mai fashewar bam din a matsayin memba na ADF, yana nuna goyon bayan kungiyar ga IS-CAP. Fashewar bam din ita ce ta farko a Beni, wanda ya haifar da damuwa cewa IS-CAP na ƙara amfani da dabarun Islama. Gwamnatin Kongo ta rufe manyan wuraren jama'a na kwana biyu kuma ta sanya takunkumi a kan tarurrukan jama'a a matsayin kariya daga ci gaba da kai hare-hare.[18] A watan Agustan 2021, sojojin hadin gwiwa na Mozambican-Rwandan sun sami damar sake karbar Mocímboa da Praia a matsayin wani ɓangare na hari.[19] Sojojin IS-CAP na Mozambican sun sake komawa hedikwatarsu zuwa sansanin "Siri" kusa da Kogin Messalo .

Koyaya, yayin da reshen IS-CAP na Mozambican ke janyewa, masu goyon bayan IS na Kongo suna fadada yankin ayyukansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na hare-hare biyu a Lardin Ituri. Har ila yau, IS-CAP ta Kongo ta fara shiga cikin rikice-rikicen yankin na Ituri, tare da Banyabwisha (ƙungiyar Hutu) a kan wasu kabilun yankin, wanda ya sa ƙauyen Banyabwisa ya bayyana biyayya ga Jihar Musulunci. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta fara yin wa'azi a yankin don juyar da su zuwa addinin Musulunci. Masu binciken Long War Journal Caleb Weiss da Ryan O'Farrell sun yi jayayya cewa wannan na iya nuna yunkurin IS-CAP na gina ainihin tushen tallafi na gida wanda tsohuwar ADF ba ta da al'ada.[1] A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, IS-CAP ta yi ikirarin kai hari na farko a Uganda lokacin da dakarunta suka jefa bam a ofishin 'yan sanda a Kawempe. Wannan ya nuna cewa farawar kamfen din bam a ciki da kewayen Kampala har zuwa Nuwamba, yayin da masu haɗin IS da wani memba na ADF suka kaddamar da hare-haren kashe kansa da yawa.[2][3] A halin yanzu, jami'an tsaro sun kama wani rukuni na wadanda ake zargi da IS-CAP a babban birnin Rwanda Kigali; Weiss da O'Farrell sun yi hasashen cewa wannan rukuni ya shirya hare-hare a "ramako" ga ayyukan Rwanda akan sojojin IS na Mozambique.[3] Gabaɗaya, reshen Kongo ya bayyana ya sami canji a cikin 2021, yana daidaita dabarun sa don daidaitawa da na IS sosai. Har ila yau, ya kara hare-haren da ya kai wa fararen hula

A ƙarshen 2021, IS-CAP ta sha wahala a Mozambique, bayan ta rasa mafi yawan mallakarta da mambobi da yawa. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta sake tsarawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu rarraba kuma ta ci gaba da yin kamfen ɗin 'yan tawaye a farkon 2022.[20] A halin yanzu, reshen Kongo ya kara ayyukanta, sau da yawa ya mamaye Beni kuma ya jefa bam a Goma.[21] Ayyukanta sun fuskanci karuwar juriya saboda Operation Shujaa, duk da haka, wani hari da Uganda da kawayenta suka kaddamar a gabashin Kongo. An kama shugabannin IS-CAP da yawa a lokacin wannan aikin.[22] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, reshen IS-CAP na Kongo ya fitar da saƙon bidiyo, wanda ke nuna kungiyar da ke yin alkawarin biyayya ga Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi wanda aka nada shi a matsayin sabon halifa na IS bayan mutuwar Abu Ibrahim al-Hashima al-Qurasi. A cikin bidiyon, Musa Baluku ya bayyana cewa IS-CAP ba ta damu da mutuwar shugabannin ta ba kuma za ta ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2022, an bayyana reshen Kongo na IS-CAP a matsayin mai aiki sosai kamar yadda yake a shekarun da suka gabata.[1] An bayar da rahoton cewa babban kwamandan IS ne ya sake tsara lardin a watan Mayu, tare da ayyana rassan Kongo da Mozambican masu cin gashin kansu; daga baya aka ayyana wannan "Lardin Mozambique". [23][24]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Candland et al. 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Robert Postings (30 April 2019). "Islamic State recognizes new Central Africa Province, deepening ties with DR Congo militants". Defense Post. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Robert Postings (13 June 2019). "Islamic State arrival in Mozambique further complicates Cabo Delgado violence". Defense Post. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  4. ↑ "Monitor: IS claims to have set up its own Africa province". AP. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Candland et al. 2021.
  6. ↑ Sirwan Kajjo; Salem Solomon (7 June 2019). "Is IS Gaining Foothold in Mozambique?". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  7. ↑ Sauer, Pjotr (31 October 2019). "7 Kremlin-Linked Mercenaries Killed in Mozambique in October — Sources". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  8. ↑ "The Islamic State's Bayat Campaign". jihadology.net. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  9. ↑ "Mozambique admits presence of Islamic State fighters for first time". the South African. 25 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  10. ↑ "Insurgents Kill 8 Gas Project Workers in Northern Mozambique". Defense Post. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  11. ↑ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 July 2020). "Islamic State Editorial on Mozambique". Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  12. ↑ "Questions about SANDF deployment in Mozambique unanswered". news24. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  13. ↑ Caleb Weiss (1 July 2020). "ISCAP Ambushes UN Peacekeepers in the DRC, Exploits Coronavirus". Long War Journal. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  14. ↑ Jacob Zenn (26 May 2020). "ISIS in Africa: The Caliphate's Next Frontier". Center for Global Policy. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Warner et al. 2020.
  16. ↑ "Cabo Ligado Weekly: 29 March-4 April" (PDF). Cabo Ligado (ACLED, Zitamar News, Mediafax). 6 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "Islamic State group says it's behind Congo suicide bombing". ABC News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  18. ↑ "Two explosions hit Congo's eastern city of Beni". AP NEWS (in Turanci). 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  19. ↑ "Cabo Ligado Weekly: 2–8 August". Cabo Ligado (ACLED, Zitamar News, Mediafax). 10 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  20. ↑ United Nations 2022.
  21. ↑ Zenn 2023c.
  22. ↑ Zenn 2022.
  23. ↑ Kate Chesnutt; Katherine Zimmerman (8 September 2022). "The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World". Critical Threats. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  24. ↑ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (6 June 2023). "The Islamic State In Sub-Saharan Africa: The New "Remaining And Expanding"". Hoover Institute. Retrieved 15 December 2023.


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