Jikin mutum
 Jikin mutum | |
|---|---|
taxon body type (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
body (en) da body of vertebrate (en) |
| Bangare na | mutum |
| Karatun ta |
Yanayin jikin mutum da human physiology (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
body surface area (en) , composition of the human body (en) , development of the human body (en) da body habit (en) |
| Tarihin maudu'i |
history of the human body (en) |
| Manifestation of (en) |
Homo sapiens (mul) |
| Ground level 360 degree view URL (en) | zygotebody.com |
Jikin ɗan adam shine cikakken tsarin ɗan adam . Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban waɗanda suke haɗuwa suna ƙirƙirar kyallen takarda sannan kuma daga baya gabobin jiki sannan tsarin gabobin jiki .
Jikin ɗan adam na waje ya ƙunshi kai, gashi, wuya, jiki (wanda ya haɗa da ƙirji da ciki ), al'aura, hannaye, hannaye, ƙafafu, da ƙafafu . Jikin ɗan adam na ciki ya haɗa da gabobi, haƙora, ƙashi, tsokoki, jijiyoyi, jijiyoyin jini da jini, jijiyoyin lymphatic da lymph .
Nazarin jikin ɗan adam ya haɗa da ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin halittar jiki, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki . Jiki yana bambanta ta fuskar tsarin jiki ta hanyoyi da aka sani. Ilimin halittar jiki yana mai da hankali kan tsarin da gabobin jikin ɗan adam da ayyukansu. Tsarin jiki da hanyoyi da yawa suna hulɗa don kiyaye yanayin jiki, tare da matakan aminci na abubuwa kamar sukari, ƙarfe, da iskar oxygen a cikin jini.
Masana kiwon lafiya, masana kimiyyar jiki, masana kimiyyar jiki, da masu fasaha suna nazarin jikin ɗan adam don taimaka musu a aikinsu.
Tsarin aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin] |
Sinadarin | Alamar | Kashi na nauyi | Kashi na atoms |
| Iskar Oxygen | O | 65.0 | 24.0 | |
| Carbon | C | 18.5 | 12.0 | |
| Hydrogen | H | 9.5 | 62.0 | |
| Nitrogen | N | 3.2 | 1.1 | |
| Calcium | Ca | 1.5 | 0.22 | |
| Phosphorus | P | 1.0 | 0.22 | |
| Potassium | K | 0.4 | 0.03 | |
| Sulfur | S | 0.3 | 0.038 | |
| Sodium | A'a | 0.2 | 0.037 | |
| Chlorine | Cl | 0.2 | 0.024 | |
| Magnesium | Mg | 0.1 | 0.015 | |
| Abubuwan da aka gano | < 0.1 | < 0.3 |
Jikin ɗan adam yana da sinadarai da suka haɗa da hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium da phosphorus . Waɗannan sinadarai suna rayuwa a cikin tiriliyan ƙwayoyin halitta da sassan da ba na ƙwayoyin halitta ba na jiki.
Jikin namiji babba yana da kusan kashi 60% na jimlar ruwan jiki na kimanin 42 litres (9.2 imp gal; 11 US gal) . Wannan ya ƙunshi kimanin 19 litres (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal) na ruwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, ciki har da kimanin 3.2 litres (0.70 imp gal; 0.85 US gal) na jini da kuma kimanin 8.4 litres (1.8 imp gal; 2.2 US gal) na ruwan interstitial, da kuma kimanin 23 litres (5.1 imp gal; 6.1 US gal) na ruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. [1] Ana kiyaye abun ciki, acidity da abun da ke cikin ruwan a ciki da wajen ƙwayoyin halitta a hankali. Babban electrolytes a cikin ruwan jiki a wajen ƙwayoyin halitta sune sodium da chloride, yayin da a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta shine potassium da sauran phosphates . [2]
Kwayoyin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jiki yana dauke da tiriliyan ƙwayoyin halitta, wato tushen rayuwa. A lokacin da ya girma, akwai kimanin tiriliyan 30 na ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta tiriliyan 38 a cikin jiki, [3] [4] an kiyasta cewa an samu ta hanyar jimillar adadin ƙwayoyin halitta na dukkan gabobin jiki da nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta . Fatar jiki kuma tana ɗauke da biliyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun da kuma ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki. [5] Ba dukkan sassan jiki aka yi su daga ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Kwayoyin halitta suna zaune a cikin wani matrix na extracellular wanda ya ƙunshi sunadarai kamar collagen, wanda ke kewaye da ruwayen extracellular.
Kowace ƙwayar halittar jikin ɗan adam tana fuskantar, a matsakaici, dubban lalacewar DNA a kowace rana. [6] Waɗannan lalacewar na iya toshe kwafin kwayar halittar ko kwafin kwayar halittar, kuma idan ba a gyara su ba ko kuma ba a gyara su ba daidai ba, suna iya haifar da maye gurbi, ko wasu canje-canje na kwayar halittar da ke barazana ga wanzuwar kwayar halitta. [6]
Kwayoyin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwayoyin halitta a cikin jiki suna aiki saboda DNA . DNA yana zaune a cikin kwayar halitta . A nan, ana kwafi sassan DNA kuma ana aika su zuwa jikin kwayar halitta ta hanyar RNA . [2] Sannan ana amfani da RNA don ƙirƙirar sunadarai, waɗanda ke samar da tushen ƙwayoyin halitta, ayyukansu, da samfuransu. Sunadaran suna tsara aikin tantanin halitta da bayyanar kwayar halitta, tantanin halitta yana iya sarrafa kansa ta hanyar adadin sunadaran da aka samar. [7] Duk da haka, ba duk ƙwayoyin halitta ke da DNA ba; wasu ƙwayoyin halitta kamar manyan ƙwayoyin jini ja suna rasa kwayar halittarsu yayin da suke girma.
Nama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jiki yana dauke da nau'ikan nama daban-daban, wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin kwayoyin halitta wadanda ke aiki da wani aiki na musamman. [8] Nazarin nama ana kiransa histology kuma galibi ana yin sa ne da na'urar hangen nesa . Jiki yana dauke da manyan nau'ikan nama guda hudu. Waɗannan su ne kwayoyin halitta masu rufi ( epithelia ), nama mai hadewa, nama mai jijiyoyi da nama mai tsoka . [9]
Kwayoyin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwayoyin da ke layi saman da aka fallasa ga duniyar waje ko hanyar narkewar abinci ( epithelia ) ko ramuka na ciki ( endothelium ) suna zuwa da siffofi da siffofi iri-iri - daga layukan ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙananan cilia masu kama da gashi a cikin huhu, zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta masu kama da ginshiƙai waɗanda ke layi a cikin ciki . Kwayoyin halitta na Endothelial ƙwayoyin halitta ne waɗanda ke layi a cikin ramuka na ciki ciki har da jijiyoyin jini da gland. Kwayoyin halitta masu layi suna tsara abin da zai iya wucewa da wanda ba zai iya wucewa ta cikinsu ba, suna kare tsarin ciki, kuma suna aiki azaman saman ji. [9]
Gabobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
Gabobi, tarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu aiki na musamman, [10] galibi suna zaune a cikin jiki, banda fata . Misalai sun haɗa da zuciya, huhu da hanta . Gabobi da yawa suna zaune a cikin ramuka a cikin jiki. Waɗannan ramukan sun haɗa da ciki (wanda ke ɗauke da ciki, misali) da pleura, wanda ke ɗauke da huhu.
Zuciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zuciya wata gab'a ce da ke cikin ramin ƙwanƙwasa tsakanin huhu da kuma ɗan hagu. Tana kewaye da pericardium, wanda ke riƙe ta a wurinta a cikin mediastinum kuma yana taimakawa wajen kare ta daga rauni mai tsanani, kamuwa da cuta da kuma taimakawa wajen sa mai a cikin motsin zuciya ta hanyar ruwan pericardial . [11] Zuciya tana aiki ta hanyar tura jini a jikin mutum, tana ba da damar jigilar iskar oxygen, abubuwan gina jiki, sharar gida, hormones da farin ƙwayoyin jini .
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Zuciyar ta ƙunshi atria guda biyu da ventricles guda biyu . Babban manufar atria ita ce ta ba da damar kwararar jinin ventricles ba tare da katsewa ba zuwa zuciya yayin systole na ventricular . Wannan yana ba da damar isassun jini don shiga cikin ventricles yayin atrial systole . Saboda haka, atria yana ba da damar fitar da zuciya kusan kashi 75% fiye da yadda zai yiwu ba tare da su ba. Manufar ventricles shine a tura jini zuwa huhu ta hanyar ventricle na dama da kuma sauran jiki ta hanyar ventricle na hagu. [12]
Zuciya tana da tsarin wutar lantarki don sarrafa matsewa da sassauta tsokoki. Tana farawa daga cikin sinoatrial node tana tafiya ta cikin atria wanda ke haifar da su su tura jini zuwa cikin ventricles . Sannan tana tafiya zuwa atrioventricular node, wanda ke sa siginar ta yi jinkiri kaɗan, yana barin ventricles su cika da jini kafin su fitar da shi su sake fara zagayowar. [13]
Cutar jijiyoyin zuciya ita ce babbar sanadin mace-mace a duk duniya, wadda ta kai kashi 16% na dukkan mace-mace. [14] Tana faruwa ne sakamakon tarin plaque a cikin jijiyoyin zuciya da ke samar da zuciya, daga ƙarshe jijiyoyin na iya zama ƙuraje har ba a sami isasshen jini da zai iya isa ga myocardium ba, [15] wani yanayi da aka sani da bugun zuciya ko bugun zuciya, wannan na iya haifar da gazawar zuciya ko bugun zuciya sannan daga ƙarshe mutuwa. [16] Abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya sun haɗa da kiba, shan taba, yawan cholesterol, hawan jini, rashin motsa jiki da ciwon suga . [17] Ciwon daji na iya shafar zuciya, kodayake yana da matuƙar wuya kuma yawanci yana yaduwa daga wani ɓangare na jiki kamar huhu ko nono . Wannan saboda ƙwayoyin zuciya suna daina rabuwa da sauri kuma duk girma yana faruwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar girma maimakon rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta . [18]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Fluid Physiology". Anaesthesiamcq. Archived from the original on 3 May 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- 1 2 Ganong's 2016.
- ↑ Sender, Ron; Fuchs, Shai; Milo, Ron (2016). "Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body". PLOS Biology. 14 (8). bioRxiv 10.1101/036103. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 4991899. PMID 27541692.
- ↑ Hatton, Ian A.; Galbraith, Eric D.; Merleau, Nono S. C.; Miettinen, Teemu P.; Smith, Benjamin McDonald; Shander, Jeffery A. (2023-09-26). "The human cell count and size distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 120 (39). Bibcode:2023PNAS..12003077H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2303077120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10523466 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37722043 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Sfriso, R; Egert, M; Gempeler, M; Voegeli, R; Campiche, R (April 2020). "Revealing the secret life of skin - with the microbiome you never walk alone". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 42 (2): 116–126. doi:10.1111/ics.12594. PMC 7155096. PMID 31743445.
- 1 2 Jackson SP, Bartek J (October 2009). "The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease". Nature. 461 (7267): 1071–8. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1071J. doi:10.1038/nature08467. PMC 2906700. PMID 19847258.
- ↑ "Gene Expression | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ↑ "tissue – definition of tissue in English". Oxford Dictionaries| English. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- 1 2 Gray's Anatomy 2008.
- ↑ "organ | Definition, meaning & more". www.collinsdictionary.com. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ↑ Jaworska-Wilczynska, Maria; Trzaskoma, Pawel; Szczepankiewicz, Andrzej A.; Hryniewiecki, Tomasz (2016). "Pericardium: structure and function in health and disease". Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 54 (3): 121–125. doi:10.5603/FHC.a2016.0014. ISSN 1897-5631. PMID 27654013.
- ↑ "Ventricle | heart". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "How the Heart Works". NHLBI, NIH. "Your Heart's Electrical System". Archived from the original on Aug 13, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". WHO (in Turanci). 9 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "Coronary Artery Disease". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Recovery". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "Know Your Risk for Heart Disease". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ↑ "Matters of the Heart: Why Are Cardiac Tumors So Rare?". National Cancer Institute (in Turanci). 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2021-08-07.