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Jima'i na mata

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Jima'i na mata
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na Jima'i na ɗan adam
Fuskar mace
Hannun riga da Jima'i na maza

Jima'i tsakanin mata da maza ya ƙunshi halaye da matakai daban-daban, ciki har da asalin jima'i tsakanin mace da halayen jima'i, fannoni na ilimin halittar jiki, na tunani, na zamantakewa, na al'adu, na siyasa, da na ruhaniya ko na addini na ayyukan jima'i. An kuma magance fannoni da fannoni daban-daban na jima'i tsakanin mata, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jima'i tsakanin ɗan adam, ta hanyar ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a, da tauhidi . A kusan kowace zamani da al'adu na tarihi, fasaha, gami da adabi da zane-zane, da kuma al'adun jama'a, suna gabatar da wani babban ɓangare na ra'ayoyin al'umma game da jima'i tsakanin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin ɓoye (ɓoye) da bayyane (bayyane) da kuma bayyanannun (bayyanannu) na jima'i da ɗabi'a tsakanin mata da maza.

A yawancin al'ummomi da kuma hukumomin shari'a, akwai iyakoki na doka kan abin da aka yarda da halayen jima'i . Jima'i ya bambanta a cikin al'adu da yankuna na duniya, kuma ya ci gaba da canzawa a cikin tarihi, kuma wannan ya shafi jima'i na mata. Bangarorin jima'i na mata sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi siffar jiki, girman kai, hali, yanayin jima'i, dabi'u da halaye, rawar jinsi, dangantaka, zaɓuɓɓukan aiki, da sadarwa.

Duk da cewa yawancin mata masu jinsi ɗaya ne, kuma maza ne kawai ke sha'awarsu, ƙananan tsiraru masu yawa 'yan luwaɗi ne ( 'yan madigo ) ko kuma nau'ikan masu jinsi ɗaya daban-daban. Mata masu jinsi ɗaya sun fi yawa fiye da maza masu jinsi ɗaya. [1]

Ilimin halittar jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Janar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan jima'i na iya ƙunsar abubuwa daban-daban masu motsa sha'awa ta hanyar jima'i ( ƙarfafawa ta jiki ko ƙarfafawa ta hankali ), gami da tunanin jima'i da matsayi daban-daban na jima'i, ko amfani da kayan wasan jima'i . [2] Wasan gaba na iya gabatowa kafin wasu ayyukan jima'i, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sha'awar jima'i ga abokan hulɗa. Haka kuma abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mutane su gamsu da jima'i ta hanyar sumbatar su, taɓa su da sha'awa, ko riƙe su da sha'awa.

Cin abinci da sha'awa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ciwon kai, ko kuma ƙarshen jima'i, shine fitar da tashin hankali na jima'i kwatsam a lokacin zagayowar amsawar jima'i, wanda ke haifar da matsewar tsoka a yankin ƙashin ƙugu wanda ke da tsananin jin daɗi. Mata galibi suna samun wahalar samun inzali yayin jima'i na farji . [3] Mayo Clinic ya ce: "Abubuwan da ke haifar da inzali sun bambanta a cikin ƙarfi, kuma mata sun bambanta a yawan inzali da adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata don haifar da inzali." [4] Bugu da ƙari, wasu mata na iya buƙatar fiye da nau'in motsa jiki na jima'i ɗaya don cimma inzali. Ƙarfafa inzali a cikin haɗuwa ta al'ada yana faruwa ne lokacin da tura azzakari yana motsa murfin inzali da labia minora, wanda ya fito daga clitoris. [5]

Yawanci ana raba ingasm a cikin mata zuwa rukuni biyu: ingas na clitoral da na farji (ko G-spot ). [6] Kashi 70–80% na mata suna buƙatar motsa jiki kai tsaye na clitoral don cimma ingasm, [7] [8] [9] kodayake motsa jiki na clitoral kai tsaye na iya isa. Ingas na clitoral yana da sauƙin cimmawa saboda ingas na clitoris, ko clitoris gabaɗaya, yana da ƙarshen jijiyoyi sama da 8,000, wanda ya kai adadin (ko fiye da haka a wasu lokuta) ƙarshen jijiyoyi kamar yadda yake a cikin azzakari na ɗan adam ko azzakari na glans . [10] Ganin cewa kintir ɗin yana kama da azzakari, yana daidai da ƙarfinsa na karɓar motsa jiki na jima'i. [7] [11]

Duk da cewa inzali ta hanyar motsa farji yana da wahalar samu, [12] yankin G-spot na iya haifar da inzali idan an motsa shi yadda ya kamata. [12] Kasancewar G-spot, da kuma wanzuwarsa a matsayin tsari daban, har yanzu ana takaddama a kansa, domin wurin da aka ruwaito na iya bambanta daga mace zuwa mace, da alama babu shi a wasu mata, kuma ana kyautata zaton cewa faɗaɗa clitoris ne don haka dalilin inzali da aka fuskanta ta hanyar farji. [12]

Mata suna iya yin inzali da yawa saboda galibi ba sa buƙatar lokacin da za su yi inzali kamar yadda maza ke yi bayan inzali na farko. Duk da cewa an ruwaito cewa mata ba sa fuskantar lokacin da za su yi inzali da yawa, don haka za su iya samun ƙarin inzali, ko inzali da yawa, jim kaɗan bayan inzali na farko, [13] wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa maza da mata suna fuskantar lokacin da za su yi inzali da yawa saboda, saboda rashin jin daɗin clitoral ko gamsuwar jima'i, mata na iya fuskantar ɗan ƙaramin lokaci bayan inzali wanda ƙarin motsa jiki na jima'i ba ya haifar da farin ciki.

Kan nono na iya zama mai sauƙin taɓawa, kuma motsa nono na iya haifar da sha'awar jima'i. Mata kaɗan ne suka ba da rahoton fuskantar inzali daga ƙarfafa nono. Kafin binciken Komisaruk da abokan aikinsa (fMRI) kan ƙarfafa nono a 2011, rahotannin mata da suka sami inzali daga ƙarfafa nono sun dogara ne kawai akan shaidar da aka bayar . Binciken Komisaruk shine na farko da ya zana al'aurar mace zuwa ɓangaren ji na kwakwalwa; yana nuna cewa jin daɗi daga nonon yana tafiya zuwa ɓangaren kwakwalwa ɗaya kamar yadda jin daɗi daga farji, clitoris da cervix, kuma waɗannan inzali da aka ruwaito inzali ne na al'aura da ƙarfafa nono ke haifarwa, kuma ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da cortex na jin daɗin al'aura ("yankin al'aura na kwakwalwa"). [14] [15]

Sha'awar jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A matsakaici, mata suna sha'awar maza masu ƙunci, jiki mai siffar V, da kuma manyan kafadu. Mata kuma suna sha'awar mazan da suka fi su tsayi, kuma suna nuna babban daidaiton fuska, da kuma bambancin fuska na maza. [16] [17] Bisa ga bincike da bincike na zamani, mata, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba, suna sha'awar kyawun jiki na abokin tarayya kamar maza. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [ <span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (April 2026)">ambato mai yawa</span> ]

Sarrafa sha'awar jima'i ga mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, al'adu da yawa suna kallon jima'i na mata a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin jima'i na maza, kuma a matsayin wani abu da za a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar ƙuntatawa kan ɗabi'un mata. Al'adun gargajiya, kamar tilasta ladabi da tsarkin rai, sun fi sanya ƙuntatawa ga mata, ba tare da sanya irin wannan ƙuntatawa ga maza ba.

A cewar wallafe-wallafen psychoanalytic, ana cewa " matsalar karuwa ta Madonna " tana faruwa ne lokacin da namiji ya ke son saduwa da mata kawai waɗanda yake ganin su a matsayin karuwai ( karuwai ) yayin da ba zai iya son mace mai mutunci ta jima'i ba ("Madonna"). [25] Sigmund Freud ne ya fara bayyana wannan.

Bayanin ilimin jima'i na mata ya bambanta sosai bisa ga binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na CG Jung . Ya bayyana sha'awar mata a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bayyanar al'adu da ƙirƙirar mutum. Ya gano ka'idodin Freud a matsayin tushen wannan mummunan rashin fahimta, kuma ya yi ka'idar cewa "halayen rhythmic" ba wai kawai ƙa'ida ba ce a cikin "matakin gina jiki" da kuma daga baya a cikin jima'i, amma cewa yana kan tushen dukkan hanyoyin motsin rai.

An bayyana wasu al'adun gargajiya masu cike da cece-kuce, kamar kaciyar mata (FGM), a matsayin yunƙurin kawar da sha'awar mata gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da yin kaciyar mata a wasu sassan Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma a wasu al'ummomin baƙi a ƙasashen Yamma, kodayake an haramta ta sosai. Yawanci ana yin wannan kaciyar ga ƙananan yara mata, kafin su kai shekara 15.

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don sarrafa jima'i da ɗabi'un mata sun haɗa da barazanar mutuwa, kamar kisan gilla ga mata . Dalilin irin wannan kisan na iya haɗawa da ƙin shiga auren da aka shirya, kasancewa cikin dangantaka da danginsu ba su amince da ita ba, yin jima'i a waje da aure, zama wanda aka yi wa fyaɗe, ko yin shigar da ba ta dace ba. [26] [27]

Wata na'urar tarihi da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa halayen jima'i na mata ita ce bel ɗin tsarki, wanda aka ƙera don hana jima'i. Mata suna sanya bel ɗin don kare tsarkinsu, wanda ya haɗa da hana yin jima'i (kamar ta hanyar yatsar hannu ) ko kuma yin jima'i da maza marasa izini. [28] [29]

Kafin Turawa suka mamaye Arewacin Amurka, ra'ayoyin ' yan asalin Amurka game da jima'i na mata galibi suna da buɗaɗɗen ra'ayi, musamman ga matasa, mata marasa aure. Duk da haka, lokacin da Turawa suka iso, an tilasta wa waɗannan ra'ayoyi masu tsauri. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu tsauri sun kasance masu takura musamman ga mata, galibi a yankunan Puritan . [30]

Bayan mulkin mallaka na Turawa a Arewacin Amurka, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan al'adun Afirka na Jezebel da mama . An siffanta Jezebel a matsayin mace mai lalata, jaraba da kuma jan hankali. [31] Mammaye, wanda kuma ake kira Goggo Jemima, mutane ne na uwa waɗanda aka nuna su a matsayin masu gamsuwa a cikin tsarin bauta - koyaushe suna da murmushi a fuskarta yayin da dangin fararen fata suka ɗauki rayuwarta da duniyarta gaba ɗaya. [32] Waɗannan tsarin dabi'un ba wai kawai sun tabbatar da bauta ba, har ma sun tabbatar da fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata 'yan Afirka na Amurka a matsayin waɗanda ke motsa sha'awar jima'i, masu jima'i a yanayin Jezebel, ko kuma wani abu inda jima'i da jima'i su ne abubuwa na ƙarshe a zuciyar mace saboda duniyarta ta ɗauki rayuwar shugabanninta fararen fata a yanayin mamaye. [33] [34]

Nazarin zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wannan zamani, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma masana kimiyyar jiki sun binciki sha'awar jima'i tsakanin mata. Sigmund Freud ya gabatar da ka'idar nau'ikan inzali na mata guda biyu, "nau'in farji, da inzali na clitoral." Duk da haka, Masters da Johnson (1966) da Helen O'Connell (2005) sun ƙi wannan bambanci. [35] [36]

Ernst Gräfenberg ya shahara da karatunsa na al'aurar mace da kuma ilimin halittar jikin mace. Ya buga, a tsakanin sauran nazarce-nazarce, wani babban masanin kimiyya mai suna The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm (1950), wanda ya bayyana fitar maniyyi daga mace, da kuma wani yanki mai kama da fitsari inda mafitsara take kusa da bangon farji. A shekarar 1981, masana ilimin jima'i John D. Perry da Beverly Whipple sun sanya wa wannan yanki suna Gräfenberg spot, ko G-spot, don girmama shi. Al'ummar likitoci ba su rungumi cikakken ra'ayin G-spot ba. [12]

Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun tabbatar da cewa mata galibi suna sha'awar abubuwan sha'awa na jima'i na jinsi biyu, yayin da maza ke sha'awar abubuwan sha'awa na jima'i da suka fi so, ba na jima'in da ba su fi so ba. Wannan bambanci ya yi daidai da ma'auni daban-daban na sha'awa, kamar amsawar al'aura, faɗaɗa ɗalibi, da lokacin kallo. [37] [38] Ana iya siffanta sha'awar jima'i mai mahimmanci ga alamun jima'i na maza da mata a matsayin abin da ya dace da mata, yayin da sha'awar jima'i mai mahimmanci ga jinsin da mutum ya fi so za a iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin abin da ya dace da maza. [37] Amma 'yan madigo suna da yuwuwar nuna sha'awar jima'i mai ƙarfi don mayar da martani ga abubuwan sha'awa na mata fiye da sha'awar maza, don haka martanin "na maza" ya fi dacewa. [38]

Ra'ayoyin mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarun 1970 da 1980, ra'ayoyin gargajiya na Yammacin duniya game da jima'i na mata sun fuskanci ƙalubale kuma an sake tantance su a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya halin jima'i . Ƙungiyar mata da marubutan mata da yawa sun yi magana game da jima'i na mata daga mahangar mace, maimakon barin a bayyana jima'i na mata dangane da jima'i na maza. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun littattafan farko na ban dariya shine Nancy Friday 's My Secret Garden . Sauran marubuta, kamar Germaine Greer, Simone de Beauvoir da Camille Paglia, sun yi tasiri sosai, kodayake ba a yarda da ra'ayoyinsu a ko'ina ko a cikin kwanciyar hankali ba. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, gudunmawar Turai mafi mahimmanci ga fahimtar jima'i na mata ta fito ne daga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Faransa, tare da aikin Luce Irigaray da Julia Kristeva .

Madigo da kuma mata masu bibiyar maza suma sun fito a matsayin batutuwan da suka fi jan hankali a cikin tsarin mata. Manufar siyasa ta madigo, wacce ke da alaƙa musamman da tsarin mata na biyu da kuma tsarin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, rarrabuwar 'yan madigo ba, manyan masu goyon bayan su kamar Sheila Jeffreys da Julie Bindel .

Ra'ayoyin mata game da jima'i na mata sun bambanta a tsawon tarihin wannan motsi. Gabaɗaya, masu ra'ayin mata na zamani suna ba da shawara ga dukkan mata su sami damar samun kulawar lafiya da ilimin jima'i, kuma sun yarda kan mahimmancin 'yancin lafiyar haihuwa, musamman game da batutuwa kamar hana haihuwa da tsarin iyali. 'Yancin kai na jiki da yarda suma ra'ayoyi ne masu matuƙar muhimmanci a ra'ayoyin mata na zamani game da jima'i na mata.

Batutuwa kamar masana'antar jima'i, wakilcin jima'i a kafofin watsa labarai, da batutuwan da suka shafi amincewa da jima'i a ƙarƙashin yanayin rinjayen maza sun kasance batutuwa masu tayar da hankali a tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Waɗannan muhawarar ta kai ga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da 1980, a cikin abin da aka sani da yaƙin jima'i na mata, wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayin mata na hana batsa da ra'ayin mata na jinsi mai kyau . Wasu ɓangarorin ƙungiyar mata sun rabu sosai kan waɗannan batutuwa.

Dokoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokoki a duk faɗin duniya suna shafar bayyanar jima'i na mata, da kuma yanayin da mutum ba zai iya yin jima'i da mace ko yarinya ba. Galibi ana haramta saduwa da mata ta hanyar tilastawa, kodayake wasu ƙasashe na iya amincewa da fyaɗe a cikin aure . Dokoki na shekaru na yarda, waɗanda suka bambanta tsakanin yankuna, suna ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin shekarun da yarinya ƙarama za ta iya yin jima'i. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, shekarun yarda ya ƙaru a wasu yankuna kuma an rage shi a wasu yankuna.

A wasu ƙasashe akwai dokoki da suka shafi batsa da karuwanci (ko wasu fannoni na waɗannan). Dokoki a wasu yankuna sun haramta jima'i a wajen aure, kamar jima'i kafin aure ko zina, inda masu suka ke jayayya cewa, a aikace, ana amfani da waɗannan dokoki don sarrafa halayen mata ba na maza ba. [39] [40] Budurci da mutuncin iyali na mata har yanzu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu tsarin shari'a: a wasu yankuna, hukuncin fyade ya fi tsanani idan mace budurwa ce a lokacin aikata laifin, kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu tsarin shari'a, namijin da ya yi wa mace fyaɗe zai iya tserewa hukunci idan ya aure ta. [41]

Mata ne ke da alhakin tsaron jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da alhakin ayyukan jima'i masu aminci a cikin dangantakar maza da mata, ana iya bincika ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita ta jima'i mai aminci ; an yi jayayya cewa akwai fannoni uku na fahimtar juna game da jima'i mai aminci: amincin motsin rai (amincewa da abokin tarayya), amincin tunani (jin aminci), da amincin biomedical (shingen ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da ciki ko yaɗa kamuwa da cuta). Kalmar "jima'i mai aminci" an san ta da nufin amincin biomedical .

Tun bayan juyin juya halin jima'i, jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ƙaddamar da kamfen don wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba. Duk da cewa haɗarin yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba sun haɗa da ɗaukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba, kamuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs), tare da HIV/AIDS shine mafi muni, amfani da na'urorin hana haihuwa (mafi aminci shine kwaroron roba ) har yanzu ba a daidaita su ba. [42]

Tsarin zamantakewa na maza da mata yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar dalilin da yasa ake ɗaukar mata alhakin sakamakon saduwar jima'i. Sau da yawa, al'ummomi suna ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi da zato daban-daban na jima'i ga mata da maza, tare da jima'i na mata da maza galibi ana ganin akasin juna ne: misali, ana koya wa mata cewa "bai kamata su so yin jima'i ko su same shi da daɗi ba, ko kuma su yi jima'i a wajen aure," yayin da maza galibi ana koya musu "jin daɗin yin jima'i da jin daɗi kuma ana nuna darajar kansu ta hanyar ƙwarewar jima'i da ra'ayoyin iko da iko". [43] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Hulɗar jima'i sau da yawa tana faruwa a cikin yanayi marasa daidaito na tsari a cikin mahallin rashin daidaiton iko tsakanin maza da mata. [43] Masu ra'ayin mata, kamar Catharine Mackinnon, sun bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi watsi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi tsakanin mace da namiji ba kuma ya kamata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufofi; Mackinnon ya yi jayayya: "Zato shine cewa mata na iya zama marasa daidaito ga maza a fannin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, siyasa, da addini, amma da zarar sun yi hulɗa ta jima'i, suna da 'yanci kuma daidai. Wannan shine zato - kuma ina ganin ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi, musamman ma abin da yarda ke nufi a lokacin." [44]

Tsarin namiji da aka gina a cikin al'umma na iya nuna cewa maza suna sha'awar jima'i koyaushe, kuma da zarar maza suka fara sha'awar jima'i, dole ne a gamsu da su ta hanyar inzali. Wannan sha'awar tana da alaƙa da asalin namiji kuma saboda haka tana haifar da wani ci gaba wanda, da zarar ya fara, yana da wuya a daina. [45] Mace da aka gina a cikin al'umma na iya nuna ma'anar rashin son jima'i, wanda ya shafi mahimmancin al'ada na sha'awar mace. Wannan wani abu ne da ke ba da gudummawa ga yawan yin watsi da sha'awar jima'i na mata; saboda ana ganin maza ba za su iya sarrafa jima'insu ba, wannan na iya sa mata su ɗauki alhakin tilasta amfani da robar roba maimakon namijin "wanda ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba". Wasu masana suna jayayya cewa wani abu da ke taimakawa a cikin wannan rarraba alhakin abubuwan jima'i masu aminci shine matsayin fifiko na sha'awar maza a cikin al'adun Yamma, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar imani da aka saba cewa amfani da robar roba ba ya shafar kwarewar jima'i ta mace amma cewa ƙwarewar jima'i ta maza yana raguwa tare da ƙara wannan shinge. Sun yi imanin cewa wannan matsala ce, domin amfani da robar roba yana da alaƙa da jima'i na yau da kullun da lalata, wanda ya saɓa wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa na mace. Ana ɗaukar wannan haɗin a matsayin wani abu da ba za a iya rage shi ba kamar yadda "dakatar da amfani da kwaroron roba ya zama gwaji ko alama wanda ke nuna wanzuwar dangantaka mai himma da ta musamman," kuma yana nuna amincewa.

Wasu kuma suna hasashen cewa alhakin amfani da kwaroron roba ba al'umma ce ta dora wa mata alhakin ba, amma maimakon haka yana faruwa ne sakamakon yiwuwar sakamakon jima'i mara kariya ya fi tsanani ga mata fiye da maza (ciki, yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar STI, da sauransu). Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar chlamydia da gonorrhea, sun nuna cewa yawan mata na iya ninka maza sau uku a yankunan da ke fama da cutar a Amurka, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ciki a ƙasashe masu tasowa da rabin ciki a Amurka ba a yi niyya ba. [46]

Wani ra'ayin zamantakewa game da jima'i shine wajibin aure. Dolen aure shine ra'ayin cewa domin jima'i ya zama na gaske, dole ne a yi jima'i tsakanin azzakari da farji. Ga mata da yawa, wannan yana sanya iyaka ga yiwuwar jima'i [7] [35] kuma ana ganin robar roba a matsayin alama ta ƙarshen jima'i. Amincewa da shigar azzakari da farji a bainar jama'a a matsayin muhimmin abu ga dangantakar jima'i yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan amfani da robar roba. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin, sha'awar jima'i tsakanin maza da kuma buƙatar aure, tare da gina mace a zamantakewa, na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin ikon yanke shawarar amfani da robar roba. [47]

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  1. ↑ Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
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