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Jimi Hendrix

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Jimi Hendrix
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Rayuwa
Cikakken sunaJohnny Allen Hendrix
HaihuwaSeattle, 27 Nuwamba, 1942
ƙasaTarayyar Amurka
ƘabilaAfirkawan Amurka
MutuwaKensington (en) Fassara, 18 Satumba 1970
MakwanciGreenwood Memorial Park (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwaaccidental death (en) Fassara (asphyxia (en) Fassara)
Ƴan uwa
MahaifiAl Hendrix
MahaifiyaLucille Hendrix
Ma'aurataDevon Wilson (en) Fassara
Linda Keith (en) Fassara
Lithofayne Pridgon (mul) Fassara
Kathy Etchingham (en) Fassara
AhaliLeon Hendrix (en) Fassara
Karatu
MakarantaFort Campbell (en) Fassara
Garfield High School (en) Fassara
HarsunaTuranci
Sana'a
Sana'amawaƙi, mai tsara, vocalist (en) Fassara, guitarist (en) Fassara, singer-songwriter (en) Fassara, mai rubuta kiɗa, rock guitarist (en) Fassara, rock musician (en) Fassara da mai rubuta waka
Tsayi70 in
Kyaututtuka
Wanda ya ja hankalinsaBob Dylan (mul) Fassara, The Who (mul) Fassara, Chuck Berry da Cream (mul) Fassara
MambaThe Jimi Hendrix Experience (en) Fassara
Band of Gypsys (en) Fassara
Jimmy James and the Blue Flames (en) Fassara
Sunan mahaifiJimmy James
Artistic movementpsychedelic rock (en) Fassara
hard rock (en) Fassara
acid rock (en) Fassara
blues rock (en) Fassara
electric blues (en) Fassara
Yanayin muryabaritone
Kayan kidaJita
kazoo (en) Fassara
glockenspiel (en) Fassara
murya
Jadawalin KiɗaMCA Inc. (mul) Fassara
Reprise Records (mul) Fassara
Aikin soja
Fannin sojaUnited States Army (en) Fassara
Imani
Addinilapsed Catholic (en) Fassara
IMDbnm0001342
jimihendrix.com

James Marshall " Jimi " Hendrix (an haife shi Johnny Allen Hendrix ; 27 ga Nuwamba, 1942) – Satumba 18, 1970) ɗan wasan guitar ne na Amurka, mawaƙi, kuma mawaƙi. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawakan guitar mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci. An shigar da shi cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame a shekarar 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar mawakansa, Jimi Hendrix Experience ; cibiyar ta bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda za a iya cewa shine mafi kyawun mawaƙin kayan kida a tarihin kiɗan rock". [1]

Hendrix ya fara buga guitar tun yana ɗan shekara 15. A shekarar 1961, ya shiga rundunar sojin Amurka, amma aka sallame shi daga aiki a shekara mai zuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya koma Clarksville, sannan Nashville, Tennessee, kuma ya fara buga wasanni a Chitlin' Circuit, inda ya sami matsayi a cikin ƙungiyar mawakan Isley Brothers, daga baya kuma tare da Little Richard, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki tare da shi har zuwa tsakiyar 1965. Daga nan ya yi wasa da Curtis Knight da Squires .

Hendrix ya koma Ingila a ƙarshen shekarar 1966, bayan da ɗan wasan bass Chas Chandler na Animals ya zama manajansa. Cikin watanni, ya kafa Jimi Hendrix Experience (tare da sashen rawar da ya ƙunshi ɗan wasan bass Noel Redding da mai buga ganga Mitch Mitchell ) kuma ya sami manyan waƙoƙi guda uku a Burtaniya: " Hey Joe ", " Purple Haze ", da " The Wind Cries Mary ". Ya shahara a Amurka bayan ya yi fice a bikin Monterey Pop Festival a shekarar 1967. Kundin wakokinsa na uku kuma na ƙarshe a ɗakin studio, Electric Ladyland (1968), ya zama kundin wakokinsa mafi nasara kuma kundin wakokinsa na ɗaya tilo a jadawalin <i id="mwMg">Billboard</i> 200 na Amurka. Mawakin rock mafi albashi mafi tsoka a duniya, [2] Hendrix ya jagoranci bikin Woodstock a shekarar 1969 da kuma bikin Isle of Wight a shekarar 1970. Ya mutu a Landan sakamakon ciwon asphyxia da ke da alaƙa da barbiturate a watan Satumbar 1970, yana da shekaru 27 .

An yi wahayi zuwa ga Hendrix daga waƙoƙin rock and roll na Amurka da kuma blues na lantarki . Ya fi son amplifiers masu yawan aiki waɗanda ke da girma da ƙarfi, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa sautunan da ba a so a baya sakamakon ra'ayoyin amplifier na gitar. Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawakan guitar na farko da suka yi amfani da na'urorin canza sautin sauti a cikin waƙoƙin rock na yau da kullun, kamar su fuzz distortion, Octavia, wah-wah, da Uni-Vibe . Shi ne mawaƙin farko da ya yi amfani da tasirin stereophonic phasing a cikin rikodin. Rolling Stone ya rubuta: "Hendrix ya fara amfani da kayan aikin a matsayin tushen sauti na lantarki. 'Yan wasa kafin shi sun gwada ra'ayoyi da karkacewa, amma Hendrix ya mayar da waɗannan tasirin da wasu zuwa kalmomi masu tsari, masu sauƙin fahimta kamar yadda ya fara da su."

Kakanni da yarantaka

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A black and white image (c.1912) of two well-dressed people in their early 20s to late 30s.
Kakanni na uba na Hendrix, Ross da Nora Hendrix, kafin shekarar 1912

Hendrix ɗan asalin Ba'amurke ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Cherokee kuma ɗan Afirka ne . [9] An haifi kakansa na uba, Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix, a shekara ta 1866 daga wata soyayyar aure tsakanin wata mata mai suna Fanny da wani attajiri mai sayar da hatsi . [10] [12] Kakar Hendrix ta uba, Zenora "Nora" Rose Moore, 'yar rawa ce kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo ta vaudeville wacce ta haɗu ta kafa Fountain Chapel a Hogan's Alley . [13] Hendrix da Moore sun ƙaura zuwa Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada, inda suka haifi ɗa wanda suka sa masa suna James Allen Hendrix a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1919; iyalin sun sa masa suna "Al". [14]

A shekarar 1941, bayan ya koma Seattle, Washington, Al ya haɗu da Lucille Jeter a wani rawa; sun yi aure a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1942. [15] Mahaifin Lucille (kakan Jimi na uwa) Preston Jeter ne, wanda aka haifi mahaifiyarsa a irin wannan yanayi kamar Bertran Hendrix. [16] Mahaifiyar Lucille, Clarice ( née Lawson), tana da kakannin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka waɗanda suka kasance bayi. [16] Al, wanda rundunar sojin Amurka ta tura domin ya yi aiki a yakin duniya na biyu, ya tafi ya fara horonsa na asali kwana uku bayan bikin auren. [17] An haifi Johnny Allen Hendrix a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1942, a Seattle; shi ne ɗan fari cikin 'ya'yan Lucille biyar. A shekarar 1946, iyayen Johnny suka canza masa suna zuwa James Marshall Hendrix, domin girmama Al da ɗan'uwansa Leon Marshall. [13] [20]

An ajiye Al a Alabama a lokacin haihuwar Hendrix, an hana shi hutun soja na yau da kullun wanda ke ba wa sojoji damar haihuwa; kwamandansa ya sanya shi a cikin ma'ajiyar don hana shi zuwa ganin jaririnsa. Ya shafe watanni biyu a kulle ba tare da an yi masa shari'a ba, inda ya sami sakon waya yana sanar da haihuwar ɗansa. [13] [23] A lokacin da Al bai yi shekara uku ba, Lucille ta sha wahala wajen renon ɗansu. [16] 'Yan uwa da abokai ne suka fi kula da Hendrix, musamman 'yar'uwar Lucille Delores Hall da kawarta Dorothy Harding. [24] An sallami Al daga rundunar sojin Amurka a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1945. Bayan watanni biyu, bayan ya kasa samun Lucille, Al ya tafi Berkeley, California, gidan wata abokiyar iyali mai suna Mrs. Champ, wacce ta kula da kuma yunƙurin ɗaukar Hendrix; a nan ne Al ya ga ɗansa a karon farko. [25]

Bayan dawowa daga hidima, Al ya sake haɗuwa da Lucille, amma rashin samun aiki mai ɗorewa ya sa iyalin suka talauce. Dukansu suna fama da barasa, kuma sau da yawa suna faɗa idan sun bugu. Wani lokacin tashin hankalin ya tilasta wa Hendrix ya janye ya ɓuya a cikin kabad a gidansu. [16] Dangantakarsa da ɗan'uwansa Leon (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1948) ta yi kyau amma ba ta da tabbas; tare da Leon a cikin kula da yara da kuma a wajen kula da su, sun rayu da barazanar rabuwar 'yan'uwa a kowane lokaci. [26] Baya ga Leon, Hendrix yana da ƙanne uku: Joseph, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1949, Kathy a shekarar 1950, da Pamela a shekarar 1951, waɗanda Al da Lucille suka miƙa wa kula da yara da kuma ɗaukarsu. [13] Iyalan suna yawan ƙaura, suna zama a cikin otal-otal masu araha da gidaje a kusa da Seattle . A wasu lokutan, 'yan uwa suna kai Hendrix zuwa Vancouver don ya zauna a gidan kakarsa. Yaro mai jin kunya da tausayi, abubuwan da ya fuskanta a rayuwarsa sun shafe shi sosai. [16] A shekarun baya, ya bayyana wa budurwarsa cewa wani mutum sanye da kayan soja ya yi masa cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata. [16] A ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1951, lokacin da Hendrix ke da shekaru tara, iyayensa sun sake shi; kotu ta ba Al damar riƙe shi da Leon. [27]

Kayan kida na farko

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A Makarantar Firamare ta Horace Mann da ke Seattle a tsakiyar shekarun 1950, dabi'ar Hendrix ta ɗauke tsintsiya tare da shi don kwaikwayon guitar ta jawo hankalin ma'aikacin zamantakewa na makarantar. Bayan fiye da shekara guda da ya manne da tsintsiya kamar bargon tsaro, ta rubuta wasiƙa tana neman tallafin makaranta da aka yi niyya ga yara marasa galihu, tana mai dagewa cewa barin shi ba tare da guitar ba na iya haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwa. [28] Kokarinta ya gaza, kuma mahaifinsa, Al, ya ƙi siyan masa gitar. [28] [30]

A shekarar 1957, yayin da yake taimaka wa mahaifinsa da wani aiki na gefe, Hendrix ya sami ukulele a cikin sharar da suke cirewa daga gidan wata tsohuwa. Ta gaya masa cewa zai iya riƙe kayan aikin, wanda ke da igiya ɗaya kawai. [31] Yana koyo da kunne, sai ya kunna waƙoƙin Elvis Presley guda ɗaya, musamman " Hound Dog ". [32] [34] Tana da shekaru 33, mahaifiyar Hendrix Lucille ta kamu da cutar hanta mai suna cirrhosis, kuma a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1958, ta mutu lokacin da saifanta ya fashe. [28] Al ya ƙi ya kai James da Leon zuwa jana'izar mahaifiyarsu; maimakon haka ya ba su allurar wiski ya gaya musu cewa haka maza ya kamata su yi idan sun yi asara. [28] [36] A shekarar 1958, Hendrix ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Washington Junior kuma ya fara zuwa, amma bai kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Garfield ba. [37] [40]

A tsakiyar shekarar 1958, yana da shekaru 15, Hendrix ya sayi gitarsa ta farko ta acoustic, akan $5 [41] ( equivalent to $56 a shekarar 2025 ). Yana wasa na tsawon sa'o'i a kowace rana, yana kallon wasu kuma yana koyo daga ƙwararrun mawakan guitar, kuma yana sauraron mawakan blues kamar Muddy Waters, BB King, Howlin' Wolf, da Robert Johnson . [42] Waƙar farko da Hendrix ya koya don bugawa ita ce taken talabijin " Peter Gunn ". [43] A lokacin, Hendrix ya yi cunkoso da abokinsa na samartaka Sammy Drain da ɗan'uwansa mai kunna madannai. [44] A shekarar 1959, yayin da yake halartar wani wasan kwaikwayo na Hank Ballard & The Midnighters a Seattle, Hendrix ya haɗu da Billy Davis, ɗan wasan guitar na ƙungiyar. [45] Davis ya nuna masa wasu lasar gitar sannan ya ba shi ɗan gajeren wasa tare da Midnighters. [28] Su biyun sun ci gaba da zama abokai har zuwa mutuwar Hendrix a shekarar 1970. [46]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya sayi gitar acoustic, Hendrix ya kafa ƙungiyarsa ta farko, Velvetones. Ba tare da guitar mai amfani da wutar lantarki ba, da kyar ake jin sautinsa a cikin sautin ƙungiyar. Bayan kimanin watanni uku, ya fahimci cewa yana buƙatar gitar lantarki. [41] A tsakiyar shekarar 1959, mahaifinsa ya yi haƙuri ya saya masa farin Supro Ozark . [41] Wasan farko da Hendrix ya yi yana tare da wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ba a san sunanta ba a Temple De Hirsch na Seattle da ke ɗakin Jaffe, amma sun kore shi daga wasan saboda ya nuna bajinta. [16] Ya shiga ƙungiyar Rocking Kings, wadda ke buga wasa a wurare kamar ƙungiyar Birdland. Lokacin da aka sace gitarsa bayan ya bar ta a bayan dandamali cikin dare, Al ya saya masa ja Silvertone Danelectro . [41]

Aikin soja

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A black and white photograph of five men wearing Army uniforms and standing together as a group
Hendrix a cikin Rundunar Sojan Amurka, 1961

Kafin Hendrix ya kai shekara 19, hukumomin shari'a sun kama shi sau biyu yana hawa cikin motocin da aka sace . Da aka ba shi zaɓi tsakanin gidan yari ko shiga soja, sai ya zaɓi na biyun kuma ya shiga soja a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1961. [47] Bayan kammala makonni takwas na horo na asali a Fort Ord, California, an tura shi zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta 101 kuma aka tura shi zuwa Fort Campbell, Kentucky. [48] Ya isa a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, kuma ba da daɗewa ba sai ya rubuta wa mahaifinsa: "Babu komai sai horon jiki da cin zarafi a nan na tsawon makonni biyu, sannan idan ka je makaranta don yin tsalle-tsalle." ... za ka shiga wuta. Suna yi maka aiki har mutuwa, suna hayaniya da faɗa. [28] A cikin wasiƙarsa ta gaba da ya rubuta zuwa gida, Hendrix, wanda ya bar gitarsa a Seattle a gidan budurwarsa Betty Jean Morgan, ya roƙi mahaifinsa ya aika masa da wuri-wuri, yana cewa: "Ina buƙatarta yanzu." [28] Mahaifinsa ya yi alƙawarin kuma ya aika da jan Silvertone Danelectro zuwa Fort Campbell inda Hendrix ya zana kalmomin "Betty Jean" da hannu. [49] Sha'awar Hendrix ga kayan kidan ta taimaka masa wajen sakaci da aikinsa na soja, wanda hakan ya haifar da ba'a da cin zarafi daga abokan aikinsa, waɗanda aƙalla sau ɗaya suka ɓoye masa guitar har sai da ya roƙi a dawo da ita. [28] A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1961, abokin aikin soja Billy Cox ya wuce wani sansanin sojoji ya ji Hendrix yana wasa a ciki. [13] Da yake ya burge shi da dabarar Hendrix, wadda Cox ya bayyana a matsayin haɗin " John Lee Hooker da Beethoven ", Cox ya aro gitar bass kuma suka yi matsewa . [16] Cikin makonni, sun fara yin wasa a ƙungiyoyin wasanni a ƙarshen mako tare da sauran mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai tsari da ake kira Casuals. [16]

Hendrix ya kammala horonsa na paratrooper, kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1962, Manjo Janar Charles WG Rich ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Screaming Eagles . [28] Zuwa watan Fabrairu, halayensa na kashin kansa sun fara shan suka daga manyansa. Sun yi masa lakabi da wanda bai cancanta ba, kuma sau da yawa suna kama shi yana barci yayin da yake aiki kuma bai kai ga duba lafiyarsa ba. [28] A ranar 24 ga Mayu, sajan Hendrix, James C. Spears, ya gabatar da rahoto inda ya ce: "Shi [Hendrix] ba shi da wani sha'awa ko kaɗan a cikin Soja... Ina ganin Private Hendrix ba zai taɓa cika ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata daga soja ba. Ina jin cewa aikin soja zai amfana idan aka sallame shi da wuri-wuri." [28] A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1962, an ba Hendrix izinin sallama daga aiki gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗa masu daraja . Daga baya Hendrix ya yi magana game da rashin son da yake yi wa sojojin kuma ya sami sallamar likita bayan ya karye a idon sawunsa yayin tsallen parachute na 26, [50] [52] amma babu wani bayanan soja da aka samar wanda ya nuna cewa bai samu ko kuma an sallame shi ba saboda wani rauni. [53]

Sana'a

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Shekarun farko

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A watan Satumba na 1962, bayan an kori abokin aikin soja Billy Cox daga aikin soja, Hendrix ya yi tafiya kimanin 20 miles (32 km) a fadin layin jihar daga Fort Campbell zuwa Clarksville, Tennessee, kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa, King Kasuals. [16] A Seattle, Hendrix ya ga Butch Snipes yana wasa da haƙoransa kuma yanzu ɗan wasan gitar na biyu na Kasuals, Alphonso "Baby Boo" Young, yana yin wannan wasan gitar. [16] Ba don a ɗaga matsayinsa ba, Hendrix shi ma ya koyi yin wasa ta wannan hanyar. Daga baya ya bayyana: "Tunanin yin hakan ya zo mini ... a Tennessee. A can ƙasa dole ne ka yi wasa da haƙoranka ko kuma a harbe ka. Akwai alamun karyewar haƙora a ko'ina a kan dandamali. [13]

Duk da cewa sun fara yin wasannin kwaikwayo masu rahusa a wurare marasa kyau, ƙungiyar ta ƙaura zuwa titin Jefferson na Nashville, wanda shine cibiyar al'ummar baƙar fata ta birnin kuma gida ne ga wurin kiɗan rhythm da blues mai bunƙasa. [54] Sun sami ɗan gajeren zama a wani wuri mai suna Del Morocco, kuma tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, Hendrix yana samun kuɗin yin wasa a da'ira a wurare daban-daban a faɗin Kudu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Masu Yin Rajista ta Masu Wasan Kwaikwayo (TOBA), wacce aka fi sani da Chitlin' Circuit . [54] Baya ga yin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar mawakansa, Hendrix ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙi mai goyon baya ga mawakan soul, R&B, da blues daban-daban, ciki har da Wilson Pickett, Slim Harpo, Sam Cooke, Ike &amp; Tina Turner [55] da Jackie Wilson . [28]

A watan Janairun 1964, yana jin ya fi ƙarfin da'irar fasaha, kuma ya fusata da bin ƙa'idodin shugabannin ƙungiyar mawaka, Hendrix ya yanke shawarar yin fice da kansa. Ya koma Otal ɗin Theresa da ke Harlem, inda ya yi abota da Lithofayne Pridgon, wanda aka fi sani da "Faye", wadda ta zama budurwarsa. [54] Pridgon, wanda ɗan asalin Harlem ne, yana da alaƙa da sauran mawakan yankin, ya ba shi mafaka, tallafi, da ƙarfafa gwiwa. [54] Hendrix ya kuma haɗu da tagwayen Allen, Arthur da Albert. [13] [57] A watan Fabrairun 1964, Hendrix ya lashe kyautar farko a gasar masu son wasan kwaikwayo ta Apollo Theater . [58] Da yake yana fatan samun damar yin aiki, ya buga ƙungiyar Harlem club da'ira kuma ya zauna tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Bisa shawarar wani tsohon abokin Joe Tex, Ronnie Isley ya ba Hendrix damar yin gwaji wanda ya kai ga tayin zama mai guitar tare da ƙungiyar mawakan Isley Brothers, IB Specials, wanda ya karɓa cikin sauƙi. [59]

Mutuwa, bayan gawa, da kuma binne gawa

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A color photograph of a white, multi-story building.
Otal ɗin Samarkand, inda Hendrix ya yi awanninsa na ƙarshe

Ana jayayya kan cikakkun bayanai game da ranar ƙarshe ta Hendrix da mutuwarsa. [60] Ya shafe mafi yawan watan Satumba 17, 1970, a Landan tare da Monika Dannemann, shaida ɗaya tilo a sa'o'in ƙarshe na rayuwarsa. [58] Dannemann ta ce ta shirya musu abinci a gidanta da ke Otal ɗin Samarkand da ke Lansdowne Crescent, Landan, da misalin ƙarfe 11 na dare. lokacin da suka raba kwalban giya. [58] Ta tuka shi zuwa gidan wani abokinsa da misalin ƙarfe 1:45 na rana am, inda ya zauna na kimanin awa ɗaya kafin ta ɗauke shi ta mayar da su gidanta da ƙarfe 3 na rana. am. [16] Ta ce sun yi magana har sai da misalin ƙarfe 7 na yamma am, lokacin da suka yi barci. Dannemann ya farka da misalin ƙarfe 11 na safe ya ga Hendrix yana numfashi amma bai san komai ba kuma bai amsa ba. Ta kira motar asibiti da ƙarfe 11:18 na dare ta kira motar asibiti am, kuma ya iso bayan mintuna tara. [61] Daga nan ma'aikatan motar asibiti suka kai Hendrix zuwa Asibitin St Mary Abbots inda likita John Bannister ya tabbatar da mutuwarsa da ƙarfe 12:45 na rana. pm a ranar 18 ga Satumba. [62]

Jami'in binciken gawarwaki Gavin Thurston ya ba da umarnin a yi gwajin gawarwaki bayan an gano gawarwakin a ranar Satumba. 21 na Robert Donald Teare, masanin ilimin likitanci. [63] Thurston ta kammala binciken a watan Satumba 28 kuma ya kammala da cewa Hendrix ya yi amai da kansa kuma ya mutu sakamakon asphyxia yayin da yake cikin maye da barbiturates . [64] Da yake ambaton "rashin isassun shaidu game da yanayin", ya ayyana hukuncin a fili . [63] Daga baya Dannemann ta bayyana cewa Hendrix ta sha maganin barci na Vesparax guda tara da ta rubuta, sau 18 fiye da yadda aka ba da shawarar. [65]

Desmond Henley ya yi wa gawar Hendrix ado, [1] wanda aka kai shi Seattle a watan Satumba 29. [1] Iyalan Hendrix da abokansa sun yi wa cocin Baptist na Dunlap da ke kwarin Rainier na Seattle ranar Alhamis, Oktoba 1; an binne gawarsa a Makabartar Greenwood da ke Renton kusa, [2] inda kabarin mahaifiyarsa yake. [1] Iyalai da abokai sun yi tafiya a cikin motocin limousine guda 24, kuma mutane sama da 200 sun halarci jana'izar, ciki har da Mitch Mitchell, Noel Redding, Miles Davis, John Hammond, da Johnny Winter .

Sau da yawa ana ambaton Hendrix a matsayin misali ɗaya na yawan mawakan da suka mutu suna da shekaru 27, ciki har da Brian Jones, Alan Wilson, Jim Morrison, da Janis Joplin a lokaci ɗaya, wani lamari da ake kira 27 Club .

manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Biography of the Jimi Hendrix Experience". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  2. ↑ Cross 2005; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995.
  3. ↑ Cross 2005, p. 17; Brown 1992, p. 6; Whitaker 2011
  4. ↑ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 13
  5. ↑ Martin 1996
  6. ↑ ICT Staff (June 4, 2014). "Oh, Pharrell Is Part Native American? Here's Why It Doesn't Matter – Does some Native American heritage make it OK for Pharrell Williams to wear a feather headdress? No – and here are four reasons why it doesn't". Indian Country Today. Retrieved November 20, 2021. By the way, the Cherokee did not have "princesses" and did not wear feather headdresses
  7. ↑ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 193
  8. ↑ Cannon 2021, p. 78
  9. ↑ Several non-Native Hendrix biographers have noted Hendrix's belief that he had Cherokee heritage.[3] Shapiro and Glebbeek write that Nora's grandmother was a "full-blood Cherokee princess" in their 1990 biography,[4] although there is no known record of Hendrix or his family members referring to a "Cherokee princess" (the Cherokee did not have "princesses", but this nomenclature is very common among non-Natives who claim Cherokee identities for ancestors who were actually white or black).[5][6] Hendrix was not "enrolled in any Cherokee tribe"[7] and "no documentation of Hendrix's Cherokee blood has been found."[8]
  10. ↑ Hendrix 1999: (primary source); Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, Brown 1992: (secondary source).
  11. ↑ Cross 2005, p. 16.
  12. ↑ Author Charles R. Cross in Room Full of Mirrors writes "He [Hendrix's paternal grandfather, Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix] was born out of wedlock, and from the biracial coupling of his mother, a former slave, and a white merchant who had once owned her."[11]
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995.
  14. ↑ Hendrix 1999: Jimi's father's full name; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995: Al Hendrix's birthdate; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995: Hendrix family tree.
  15. ↑ Hendrix 1999: Al and Lucille meeting at a dance in 1941; Hendrix 1999: Al and Lucille married in 1942.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cross 2005.
  17. ↑ Cross 2005: Al went to basic training three days after the wedding. (secondary source); Hendrix 1999: Al went to war three days after the wedding. (primary source).
  18. ↑ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 13–19
  19. ↑ Hendrix & Mitchell 2012, p. 10: (primary source); Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. xiii, 3: (secondary source).
  20. ↑ Authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek speculate that the change from Johnny to James may have been a response to Al's knowledge of an affair Lucille had with a man who called himself John Williams.[18] As a young child, friends and family called Hendrix "Buster". His brother Leon claims that Jimi chose the nickname after his hero Buster Crabbe, of Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers fame.[19]
  21. ↑ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 13.
  22. ↑ Cross 2005, p. 23.
  23. ↑ Al Hendrix completed his basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.[21] He spent most of his time in the service in the South Pacific Theater, in Fiji.[22]
  24. ↑ Lawrence 2005; Roby & Schreiber 2010.
  25. ↑ Cross 2005; Roby & Schreiber 2010.
  26. ↑ Black 1999: Leon's birthdate; Roby & Schreiber 2010: Leon, in and out of foster care.
  27. ↑ Stubbs 2003.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Roby & Schreiber 2010.
  29. ↑ Black 1999, pp. 16–18.
  30. ↑ According to Hendrix's cousin, Diane Hendrix, in August 1956, when Jimi stayed with her family, he put on shows for her, using a broom to mimic a guitar while listening to Elvis Presley records.[29]
  31. ↑ Hendrix & Mitchell 2012.
  32. ↑ Black 1999: Hendrix playing along with "Hound Dog" (secondary source); Hendrix 1999: Hendrix playing along with Presley's version of "Hound Dog" (primary source); Hendrix & Mitchell 2012: Hendrix playing along with Presley songs (primary source).
  33. ↑ Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 9: Hendrix seeing Presley perform; Black 1999, p. 18: the date Hendrix saw Presley perform.
  34. ↑ Hendrix saw Presley perform in Seattle on September 1, 1957.[33]
  35. ↑ Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 5.
  36. ↑ In 1967, Hendrix revealed his feelings in regard to his mother's death during a survey he took for the UK publication, New Musical Express. Hendrix stated: "Personal ambition: Have my own style of music. See my mother again."[35]
  37. ↑ Lawrence 2005: Hendrix did not graduate from James A. Garfield High School; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995: Hendrix completed his studies at Washington Middle School.
  38. ↑ Cross 2005, pp. 73–74.
  39. ↑ Lawrence 2005, pp. 17–19.
  40. ↑ In the late 1960s, after he had become famous, Hendrix told reporters that racist faculty expelled him from Garfield for holding hands with a white girlfriend during study hall. Principal Frank Hanawalt says that it was due to poor grades and attendance problems.[38] The school had a relatively even ethnic mix of African, European, and Asian-Americans.[39]
  41. 1 2 3 4 Heatley 2009.
  42. ↑ Hendrix 1999: (primary source); Roby & Schreiber 2010: (secondary source).
  43. ↑ Hendrix 1999: (primary source); Heatley 2009: (secondary source).
  44. ↑ Macdonald 2015.
  45. ↑ Grimshaw, LE (June 2017). "Biography of JC Billy Davis". BillyDavisDetroit.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  46. ↑ Parker, Chris (July 19, 2017). "It's Getting Late, but Still Not Midnight for Billy Davis: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductee Keeps on Creating". Detroit Metro Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  47. ↑ Hendrix & Mitchell 2012: Hendrix choosing the Army over jail; Cross 2005: Hendrix's enlistment date; Shadwick 2003: Hendrix was twice caught in stolen cars.
  48. ↑ Roby & Schreiber 2010: Hendrix completed eight weeks of basic training at Fort Ord, California; Shadwick 2003: the Army stationed Hendrix at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
  49. ↑ Heatley 2009; Roby & Schreiber 2010.
  50. ↑ Cross 2005: Hendrix claimed he had received a medical discharge; Roby 2002: Hendrix's dislike of the Army.
  51. 1 2 Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 25.
  52. ↑ According to authors Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber: "It has been erroneously reported that Captain John Halbert, a medical officer, recommended that Jimi be discharged primarily for admitting to having homosexual desires for an unnamed soldier."[51] However, in the National Personnel Records Center, which contains 98 pages documenting Hendrix's army service, including his numerous infractions, the word "homosexual" is not mentioned.[51]
  53. ↑ Gelfand & Piccoli 2009.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Shadwick 2003.
  55. ↑ Roby 2012.
  56. ↑ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 537; Doggett 2004, pp. 34–35.
  57. ↑ The Allen twins performed as backup singers under the name Ghetto Fighters on Hendrix's song "Freedom".[56]
  58. 1 2 3 Hendrix & McDermott 2007.
  59. ↑ McDermott 2009.
  60. ↑ Hendrix & McDermott 2007: Hendrix spending most of September 17 with Dannemann and Dannemann as the only witness to Hendrix's final hours; Unterberger 2009: the disputed details of Hendrix's final hours and death; Moskowitz 2010: uncertainty in the specific details of his final hours and death.
  61. ↑ Cross 2005; Hendrix & McDermott 2007.
  62. ↑ Moskowitz 2010.
  63. 1 2 Brown 1997.
  64. ↑ Brown 1997: Coroner Gavin Thurston's September 28 inquest Moskowitz 2010: Hendrix's September 21 autopsy.
  65. ↑ Cross 2005; McDermott 2009.
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