Jiragen bayi
 jiragen bayi | |
|---|---|
ship type (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
cargo ship (en) |
| Amfani |
African slave trade (en) |
Jiragen bayi manyan jiragen ruwa ne da aka kera ko kuma aka canza su daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa na 19 don jigilar bayi. Irin waɗannan jiragen kuma ana kiransu da " 'yan ƙasar Guinea" saboda cinikin ya shafi safarar mutane zuwa kogin Guinea da ke yammacin Afirka.
Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon ƙarni na 17, fiye da ƙarni daya bayan zuwan Turawa zuwa Amurka, buƙatar aikin da ba a biya ba don aikin gonaki ya sa cinikin bayi ya zama kasuwanci mai riba. Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic ya kai kololuwa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata na ƙarni na 18, a lokacin yakin basasar Kongo da kuma biyo bayan yakin basasa. [1]
Don tabbatar da riba, masu mallakar jiragen ruwa sun raba raƙuman su a cikin riƙon tare da ƙananan ɗakin, don haka za su iya jigilar bayi da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Yanayin rashin lafiya, rashin ruwa, dysentery, da scurvy sun haifar da yawan mace-mace, a matsakaicin 15% kuma har zuwa kashi uku na fursunoni. Sau da yawa, jiragen suna ɗaukar ɗaruruwan bayi, waɗanda aka ɗaure su da sarƙa a kan gadaje na katako. Alal misali, jiragen bayi Henrietta Marie ya ɗauki bayi kusan 200 a kan Middle Passage mai tsayi. An tsare su a cikin tarkacen kaya, kowane bawa daure da ɗan ɗaki kaɗan don motsawa. [2]
Hanyoyi mafi mahimmanci na jiragen ruwa sun jagoranci daga arewa maso yamma da yammacin gabar tekun Afirka zuwa Kudancin Amirka da kudu maso gabas ga tekun da ke a yau Amurka, da kuma Caribbean. Kamar 20 An yi jigilar 'yan Afirka miliyan ta jirgin ruwa. [3] An san safarar bayi daga Afirka zuwa Amurka da Tsakiyar Kasuwancin Triangular.
Sharuɗɗa akan jiragen bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu jiragen ruwa na bayi sun hau bayi da yawa don su sa tafiyar ta sami riba. Sun yi haka ne ta hanyar daurewa, daurewa, da kuma zabar bayi domin ƙara amfani da sararin samaniya. Bayi sun fara mutuwa saboda rashin iskar oxygen saboda waɗannan matsananciyar yanayi. 'Yan majalisar dokokin Portugal sun zartar da Dokar Tonnage ta shekarar 1684 don inganta yanayi kaɗan. [4] An yi wa bayin da ke cikin jirgin a zaba da rashin abinci da kuma wulakanci, wanda hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suka mutu kafin ma su isa inda suke; an jefar da bayi matattu ko masu mutuwa a cikin ruwa. Ana buƙatar matsakaita na wata ɗaya zuwa biyu don kammala tafiyar. Bayin sun kasance tsirara kuma an ɗaure su da sarƙoƙi iri-iri iri-iri, an ajiye su a ƙasa ƙarƙashin ƙullun ba tare da wani wuri ba. Wasu hafsoshi suka sa masu kula da bayi su kula da sauran bayin. Sun shafe lokaci mai yawa suna liƙa a kan allunan ƙasa, waɗanda za su sa fata a gwiwar gwiwarsu har zuwa kashi. Cututtuka irin su dysentery, gudawa, ophthalmoparesis, zazzabin cizon sauro, ƙananan guda, yellow zazzabi, scurvy, kyanda, typhoid zazzabi, hookworm, tepeworm, cutar barci, trypanosomiasis, yaws, syphilis, kuturta, giwa, da kuma melancholia a kan allo na bayin mutuwa. [5] Bayanan farko daga tsoffin bayi, irin su Olaudah Equiano, sun bayyana mummunan yanayi da aka tilasta wa bayi su jimre.
Dokar cinikin bayi ta 1788, wacce aka fi sani da Dolben's Act, ta tsara yanayi a cikin jiragen bayi na Burtaniya a karon farko tun lokacin da aka fara cinikin bayi. Sir William Dolben, mai fafutukar kawar da bautar ne ya gabatar da shi ga majalisar dokokin Burtaniya. A karon farko, an sanya iyaka akan adadin bayi da za a iya ɗauka. A ƙarƙashin dokar, jiragen ruwa na iya jigilar bayi 1.67 kan kowace ton har zuwa matsakaicin nauyi ton 207, bayan haka ana iya ɗaukar bayi guda ɗaya kan kowace tan. [6] Shahararren jirgin ruwa Brookes ya iyakance ga ɗaukar mutane 454; A baya ya yi jigilar da yawa kamar 609 bayi. Olaudah Equiano na daga cikin masu goyon bayan wannan doka, amma wasu masu rajin kare hakkin bil adama sun yi adawa da shi, irin su William Wilberforce, wanda ke tsoron zai kafa ra'ayin cewa cinikin bayi kawai yana buƙatar gyara da tsari, maimakon kawar da shi gaba ɗaya. Hakanan ana iya ƙididdige ƙidayar bayi ta wurin bene maimakon tan mai rijista, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin adadin kurakurai kuma kawai 6% karkacewa daga alkaluman da aka ruwaito. [7]
Wannan takaitaccen raguwar cunkoso a cikin jiragen bayi na iya rage yawan mace-macen da ke cikin jirgin, amma wasu masana tarihi sun yi saɓani da hakan.
Masu jirgin ruwa da ma'aikata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarni na 18 da farkon na 19, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da ke cikin jiragen bayi ba su da yawa ba a biya su albashi ba kuma suna fuskantar mugun horo da kulawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana tsammanin adadin mace-macen ma'aikatan jirgin kusan kashi 20% yayin balaguron balaguro, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna mutuwa sakamakon cuta, bulala, ko boren bayi. Yayin da yanayin ma'aikatan jirgin ya fi na bayi, sun kasance masu tsauri kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace. Sau da yawa matuƙan jirgin ruwa suna rayuwa da barci ba tare da matsuguni a kan buɗaɗɗen jirgin ba don dukan balaguron Tekun Atlantika, saboda sararin da ke ƙasan jirgin yana mamaye da bayi. [8]
Cuta, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin rawaya, ita ce sanadin mutuwar matukin jirgin ruwa da ya fi yawa. Yawan mace-macen ma’aikatan jirgin a kan komawar ya kasance cikin moriyar kyaftin, domin ya rage adadin ma’aikatan jirgin da za a biya su isa tashar jirgin ruwa. Ma’aikatan jirgin da suka tsira ana yawan yaudararsu daga albashinsu a kan dawowarsu.
Waɗannan ɓangarorin cinikin bayi sun shahara sosai; Sanannar jiragen bayi a tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin na nufin waɗanda ke shiga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi hakan ne ta hanyar tilastawa ko kuma saboda ba za su sami wani aiki ba. Sau da yawa haka lamarin ya kasance ga ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da suka yi zaman kurkuku.
An san ma’aikatan jirgin baƙar fata suna cikin ma’aikatan jiragen bayi na Burtaniya. Waɗannan mutane sun fito ne daga Afirka ko Caribbean, ko kuma haifaffun Birtaniya ne. Masu bincike sun gano mutane da dama daga bayanan da suka tsira. Sanin wannan bai cika ba, ko da yake, domin yawancin manyan hafsoshin ba su rubuta ƙabila na ma'aikatan jirgin a cikin naɗi na jirgin ruwansu ba. Mazajen Afirka (da wasu lokuta matan Afirka) suma sun kasance masu fassara.
Soke cinikin bayi
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Amurka da Ingila sun haramta cinikin bayi na Afirka a shekara ta 1807. Dokar Kawar da Bautar bayi ta 1807 ta haramta cinikin bayi a duk daular Biritaniya. Dokar Amurka ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 1808. [9] Bayan wannan ranar, duk jiragen ruwa bayi na Amurka da na Burtaniya da ke barin Afirka doka ta kama su a matsayin jiragen ruwa na 'yan fashin teku da sojojin ruwan Amurka ko na ruwa na Royal suka kama. [10] A cikin shekarar 1815, a Majalisar Vienna, Spain, Portugal, Faransa, da Netherlands kuma sun amince su kawar da cinikin bayi. Kasuwancin bai ƙare a kan soke doka ba; tsakanin shekarun 1807 da 1860 jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya sun kama jiragen bayi 1,600 tare da 'yantar da bayi 160,000. [11]
Bayan an kawar da su, jiragen bayi sun ɗauki nau'i da sauri, mafi sauƙi don guje wa kamawa da jiragen ruwa na ruwa, nau'in da aka fi so shine Baltimore Clipper. Wasu suna da ƙwanƙolin da aka haɗa da sheathing na tagulla, wanda ya ƙaru sosai da sauri ta hanyar hana ci gaban ciyawa na ruwa a cikin kwandon, wanda in ba haka ba zai haifar da ja. Wannan yana da tsada sosai, kuma a lokacin an fi dacewa da jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy. Gudun jiragen bayi ya sanya su jiragen ruwa masu ban sha'awa don sake dawowa don fashin teku, [12] da kuma sanya su sha'awar amfani da ruwa bayan kama; USS Nightingale da kuma HMS Black Joke sun kasance misalan irin waɗannan tasoshin. HMS Black Joke yana da sana'a mai ban sha'awa a sabis na sojojin ruwa na Royal kuma shine ke da alhakin kama jiragen ruwa da yawa da 'yantar da ɗaruruwan bayi.
An yi ƙoƙari daga zuriyar bayin Afirka don kai ƙarar Lloyd na Landan saboda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rubuta manufofin inshorar da aka ɗauka kan jiragen bayi da ke kawo bayi daga Afirka zuwa Amurka.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Biography da kuma Black Atlantic
- Jerin jiragen ruwa bayi
- Slave Coast, Gorée ("Tsibirin Slave")
- Jirgin bayi yayi tawaye
- Ayyukan Kasuwancin Bayi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "History: The Middle Passages". The Middle Passage – A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie. Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ↑ Shillington, Kevin (2007). "Abolition and the Africa Trade". History Today. 57 (3): 20–27.
- ↑ More, Anna (December 2022). "The Early Portuguese Slave Ship and the Infrastructure of Racial Capitalism". Social Text. Duke University Press. 40 (4): 23, 24. doi:10.1215/01642472-10013290. S2CID 257010396 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ Sheridan, Richard B. (29 November 1981). "The Guinea Surgeons on the Middle Passage: The Provision of Medical Services in the British Slave Trade". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 14 (4): 601–625. doi:10.2307/218228. JSTOR 218228. PMID 11632197.
- ↑ Cohn, Raymond (1985). "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage". The Journal of Economic History. 45 (3): 685–692. doi:10.1017/s0022050700034604. JSTOR 2121762. PMID 11617312. S2CID 21327693.
- ↑ Garland, Charles; Klein, Herbert S. (April 1985). "The Allotment of Space for Slaves aboard Eighteenth-Century British Slave Ships". The William and Mary Quarterly. 42 (2): 238. doi:10.2307/1920430. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1920430.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedHochschild114 - ↑ "1807 U.S. Law on Slave Trade". 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ "Slave Ships – The Last Slave Ships". Melfisher.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
- ↑ Sadler, Nigel (March 2008). "The Trouvadore Project: The Search for a Slave Ship and its Cultural Importance". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 12 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1007/s10761-008-0056-8. ISSN 1092-7697. S2CID 162019007.
- ↑ "Real Pirates: The Untold Story of the Whydah from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship – National Geographic". Events.nationalgeographic.com. 14 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.