Joaquín Guzmán Loera
![](http://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayil:Joaquín_"El_Chapo"_Guzmán_signature.svg){kind=small}
Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera (Spanish: [xoaˈkin aɾtʃiˈβaldo ɣusˈman loˈeɾa]; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1957), wanda aka fi sani da "El Chapo", tsohon maigidan miyagun ƙwayoyi ne na Mexico kuma tsohon babban shugaban Sinaloa Cartel . An yi imanin cewa Guzmán ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane sama da 34,000, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin mai fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi mafi iko a duniya har sai an mika shi zuwa Amurka kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. [1]eseses
An haifi Guzmán a Sinaloa kuma ta girma a cikin iyalin manoma matalauta. Ya jimre da cin zarafin jiki da yawa a hannun mahaifinsa, wanda ta hanyarsa ya shiga kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ya taimaka masa ya shuka wiwi ga dillalai na yankin a lokacin da ya fara girma. Guzmán ya fara aiki tare da Héctor Luis Palma Salazar a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tasowa na ƙasar. Ya taimaka wa Salazar taswirar hanyoyin don tura kwayoyi ta Sinaloa da Amurka. Daga baya ya kula da kayan aiki ga Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan kasar a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, amma Guzmán ya kafa nasa kungiyar a shekarar 1988 bayan kama Félix.
Guzmán ya kula da ayyukan da aka samar da cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, da heroin, an shigo da su, kuma an rarraba su a duk faɗin Amurka da Turai, manyan masu amfani da duniya. [2][3] Ya cimma wannan ta hanyar yin amfani da sel na rarrabawa da kuma ramin da ke kusa da iyakoki, wanda ya ba shi damar fitar da karin kwayoyi zuwa Amurka fiye da kowane mai fataucin a tarihi. Jagorancin Guzmán na kungiyar ya kawo wadata da iko mai yawa; Forbes ya sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane masu iko a duniya tsakanin 2009 da 2013, yayin da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta kiyasta cewa ya dace da tasirin da dukiyar mai kula da magunguna na Colombia Pablo Escobar. [4]
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1957 a cikin iyali matalauta a cikin karkara na La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa.[5][6] [lower-alpha 1] Iyayensa sune Emilio Guzmán Bustillos da María Consuelo Loera Pérez. Kakanninsa na uba sune Juan Guzmán da Otilia Bustillos, kuma kakanninsa na uwa sune Ovidio Loera Cobret da Pomposa Pérez Uriarte . Domin tsararraki da yawa, iyalinsa sun zauna a La Tuna.[9] Mahaifinsa a hukumance mai kiwon shanu ne, kamar yadda yawancin mutane suka kasance a yankin da ya girma; bisa ga wasu kafofin, duk da haka, yana iya kasancewa gomero, manomi na opium poppy.[5] Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu masu suna Armida da Bernarda da' yan'uwa maza huɗu masu suna Miguel Ángel, Aureliano, Arturo, da Emilio. Yana da 'yan uwansa maza uku da ba a ambaci sunansa ba waɗanda aka ruwaito sun mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta lokacin da yake ƙarami.[9]
An san bayanai kaɗan game da yadda Guzmán ya girma. Yayinda yake yaro, ya sayar da orange kuma ya bar makaranta a aji na uku don yin aiki tare da mahaifinsa kuma a sakamakon haka bai iya aiki ba.[10] An san shi da kasancewa mai yin wasa kuma yana jin daɗin yin wasa a kan abokansa da danginsa lokacin da yake matashi. An yi masa duka a kai a kai, kuma wani lokacin yakan gudu zuwa gidan kakarsa don tserewa daga irin wannan magani. Koyaya, ya tsaya a gaban mahaifinsa don kare 'yan uwansa daga bugawa.[5] Zai yiwu Guzmán ya fusata mahaifinsa saboda ƙoƙarin hana shi doke su. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce "tushen goyon bayan motsin rai". Makarantar da ta fi kusa da gidansa tana da nisan 100 km (62 mi) (60 , kuma malamai masu tafiya ne suka koya masa a farkon shekarunsa. Malaman sun zauna na 'yan watanni kafin su koma wasu yankuna.[5] Tare da 'yan damar yin aiki a garinsu, ya juya zuwa noman opium poppy, al'ada ce tsakanin mazauna yankin.[5] A lokacin girbi, Guzmán da 'yan uwansa sun yi tafiya a kan tuddai na Badiraguato don yanke bud na poppy. Da zarar an tara shuka a cikin kilo, mahaifinsa ya sayar da girbi ga wasu masu samarwa a Culiacán da Guamúchil.[5] Ya sayar da wiwi a cibiyoyin kasuwanci kusa da yankin yayin da yake tare da Guzmán. Mahaifinsa ya kashe mafi yawan ribar a kan giya da mata kuma sau da yawa yakan koma gida ba tare da kudi ba. Da yake ya gaji da rashin kulawarsa, Guzmán ya noma gonar wiwi nasa yana da shekaru 15 tare da 'yan uwansa Arturo, Alfredo, Carlos, da Héctor Beltrán Leyva, kuma ya tallafa wa iyalinsa da samar da wiwi.[11]
Lokacin da yake matashi, mahaifinsa ya kore shi daga gidan, kuma ya tafi ya zauna tare da kakansa.[5] A lokacin da yake matashi ne Guzmán ya sami laƙabi "El Chapo", yaren Mexican don "gajere", saboda tsayinsa na mita 1.68 (5 ft 6 in) da kuma jikinsa mai tsayi. Yawancin mutane a Badiraguato sun yi aiki gonakin poppy na Sierra Madre Occidental don mafi yawan rayuwarsu, amma Guzmán ya bar garinsu don neman damar da ta fi girma ta hanyar kawunsa Pedro Avilés Pérez, ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico. Ya bar Badiraguato a shekarunsa ashirin kuma ya shiga cikin masu aikata laifuka.[12]
Farkon aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarun 1980, babbar ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka a Mexico ita ce Guadalajara Cartel, [13] wadda Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (wanda aka fi sani da "El Padrino" ko "The Godfather"), Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (wanda aka fi sani da "Don Neto"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (wanda aka fi sani da El Azul, "The Blue One") da sauransu suka jagoranta. [13] A shekarun 1970, Guzmán ya fara aiki da mai sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi Héctor "El Güero" Palma ta hanyar jigilar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma kula da jigilar su daga yankin Sierra Madre zuwa yankunan birane kusa da kan iyakar Mexico da Amurka ta jiragen sama. Tun lokacin da ya fara shiga harkar aikata laifuka, Guzmán yana da burin zama mai himma kuma yana matsa wa manyansa akai-akai don su ba shi damar ƙara yawan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake safarar su ta kan iyaka. Ya kuma fi son yin amfani da tashin hankali da kuma taka tsantsan yayin gudanar da kasuwanci; Idan wani abu daga cikin jigilar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ya yi bai yi daidai ba, Guzmán zai kashe mai fasa kwauri da kansa ta hanyar harbinsa a kai. Waɗanda ke kewaye da shi sun fahimci cewa yaudararsa ko kuma yin hulɗa da wasu masu fafatawa—ko da sun bayar da farashi mai kyau—ba shi da kyau. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Shugabannin ƙungiyar Guadalajara Cartel sun so ƙwarewar kasuwancin Guzmán, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980 sun gabatar da shi ga Félix Gallardo, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Mexico a wancan lokacin. [5] Guzmán ya yi aiki a matsayin direban Félix Gallardo, kafin a naɗa shi shugaban sashen sufuri, inda Guzmán ya tsara jigilar magunguna daga Colombia zuwa Mexico ta ƙasa, sama, da teku. Palma ta tabbatar da isar da kayayyaki zuwa Amurka. Guzmán ya sami isasshen matsayi kuma ya fara aiki da Félix Gallardo kai tsaye. [5]
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ McKay, Hollie (10 November 2018). "Manipulation, fear, snitches, and a new cell: Behind the scenes as El Chapo goes to trial". Fox News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ↑ McKay, Hollie (10 November 2018). "Manipulation, fear, snitches, and a new cell: Behind the scenes as El Chapo goes to trial". Fox News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ↑ "Powerful Sinaloa cartel's business unlikely to be slowed by arrest of boss 'El Chapo' Guzmán". Fox News. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ↑ "Joaquin Guzman Loera". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Beith, Malcolm 2010.
- ↑ Tuckman, Jo 2012.
- ↑ "Narcotics Rewards Program: Joaquin Guzmán-Loera". Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs at the United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ↑ Feuer, Alan (17 January 2019). "How El Chapo Escaped in a Sewer, Naked With His Mistress". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- 1 2 Hernández, Anabel 2012.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- 1 2 Edmonds-Poli & Shirk 2009.
- ↑ His date of birth used to be a point of contention prior to 2019, when his lover Lucero Guadalupe Sánchez López testified in court and confirmed Guzmán's date of birth. In previous years, his alternative date of birth was 25 December 1954.[7][8]
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