John Cotton (ma'aikaci)
John Cotton (4 ga Disamba, 1585) – 23 ga Disamba, 1652) malamin addini ne a Ingila da yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban malami kuma masanin tauhidi na Massachusetts Bay Colony . Ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyar a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, da kuma shekaru tara a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge . Ya riga ya gina suna a matsayin malami kuma fitaccen mai wa'azi lokacin da ya karɓi mukamin minista a Cocin St. Botolph, Boston, a Lincolnshire, a 1612.
A matsayinsa na ɗan Puritan, yana son ya kawar da bikin da tufafin da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Ingila da aka kafa kuma ya yi wa'azi ta hanya mafi sauƙi. Ya ji cewa cocin Ingila yana buƙatar gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci, amma ya dage kan kada ya rabu da ita; fifikonsa shine ya canza ta daga ciki. An cire ministoci da yawa daga mumbarinsu a Ingila saboda ayyukansu na Puritan, amma Cotton ya bunƙasa a St. Botolph's na kusan shekaru 20 saboda dattawan da ke goyon baya da bishop masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da kuma halinsa na sulhu da laushi. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1632, hukumomin cocin sun ƙara matsin lamba ga malaman addini marasa bin doka, kuma aka tilasta wa Cotton ya ɓuya. A shekara mai zuwa, shi da matarsa suka hau jirgin ruwa zuwa New England .
An yi ta neman auduga sosai a matsayin minista a Massachusetts kuma an naɗa shi cikin sauri a matsayin fasto na biyu na cocin Boston, yana raba hidima da John Wilson . Ya haifar da ƙarin tubalan addini a cikin watanni shida na farko fiye da yadda aka yi a shekarar da ta gabata. A farkon lokacin da yake aiki a Boston, ya shiga cikin korar Roger Williams, wanda ya ɗora alhakin yawancin matsalolinsa akan Auduga. Ba da daɗewa ba, Auduga ta shiga cikin rikicin Antinomia na yankin lokacin da wasu masu bin tauhidin "kyauta" nasa (musamman Anne Hutchinson ) suka fara sukar sauran ministoci a yankin. Ya kasance yana goyon bayan mabiyansa ta hanyar yawancin wannan takaddama; duk da haka, kusan ƙarshenta, ya fahimci cewa da yawa daga cikinsu suna da matsayin tauhidi waɗanda ba sa cikin tsarin koyarwar Puritan, wanda bai amince da shi ba.
Bayan takaddamar, Cotton ya sami damar gyara shingen da ke tsakaninsa da sauran ministocinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da wa'azi a cocin Boston har zuwa mutuwarsa. Babban ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa a lokacin aikinsa na baya ya sadaukar da kansa ga shugabancin majami'un New England, kuma shi ne wanda ya ba wa wannan nau'in tsarin coci suna Congregationalism . An yanke shawarar wani sabon tsarin siyasa ga Cocin Ingila a farkon shekarun 1640, yayin da Puritans a Ingila suka sami iko a jajibirin Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila, kuma Cotton ya rubuta wasiƙu da littattafai da yawa don tallafawa "Hanyar New England". A ƙarshe, an zaɓi Presbyterianism a matsayin tsarin shugabanci ga Cocin Ingila a lokacin Majalisar Westminster a 1643, kodayake Cotton ya ci gaba da shiga gasa mai zafi da wasu fitattun 'yan Presbyterian kan wannan batu.
Auduga ta zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya yayin da take tsufa. Ya yi yaƙi da ra'ayin wariya na Roger Williams kuma ya yi kira da a hukunta waɗanda ya ɗauka a matsayin masu bidi'a, kamar Samuel Gorton . Auduga malami ne, mai son rubuta wasiƙu - yana yin wasiƙu da Oliver Cromwell - kuma marubucin littattafai da yawa, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin "babban mai kawo sauyi" a tsakanin ministocin New England.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi John Cotton a Derby, Ingila, a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1585, kuma an yi masa baftisma bayan kwana 11 a Cocin St. Alkmund da ke can. [1] [2] Shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya huɗu na Rowland Cotton, lauyan Derby, [3] da Mary Hurlbert, wacce "uwa ce mai kirki da ibada" a cewar jikan Cotton Cotton Mather. [1] [4] Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Derby a gine-ginen da yanzu ake kira Old Grammar School, Derby, [1] a ƙarƙashin kulawar Richard Johnson, firist na Cocin Ingila. [3]
An yi karatun auduga a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, a shekarar 1598 a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙarancin ajin da ke biyan kuɗi kuma yana buƙatar taimakon kuɗi. Ya bi manhajar karatu ta magana, dabaru, da falsafa, sannan ya yi jayayya guda huɗu game da Latin don kimantawa. [3] Ya sami digirin BA a 1603 sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge, wanda, kasancewarsa "kwaleji mafi kyawun Puritan a masarautar" ya kasance yana fafatawa kai tsaye da Kwalejin Sidney Sussex ta Cambridge. Ya sami digirin MA a 1606 bayan wani kwas na karatu wanda ya haɗa da Girkanci, ilmin taurari, da hangen nesa. Daga nan ya karɓi horo a Emmanuel [5] kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa na tsawon shekaru biyar, a wannan karon ya mai da hankali kan Ibrananci, tauhidi, da jayayya; an kuma ba shi damar yin wa'azi a wannan lokacin. [3] Fahimtar Latin ya zama dole ga dukkan malamai, kuma karatunsa na Girkanci da Ibrananci ya ba shi ƙarin fahimta game da nassosi. [6]