Jump to content

John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 1954 (70/71 shekaru)
ƙasa Kanada
Sana'a

 

John Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne, Yukoner, Champagne da Aishihik ɗan ƙasar farko, kuma tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. An fi saninsa da laifin kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Amurka Anna Mae Aquash . [1]

Rayuwa ta farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Graham a Whitehorse, [2] Yukon, Kanada kuma memba ne na Kudancin Tutchone Champagne da mutanen farko na Aishihik . [3] Wata majiya ta nuna cewa Graham ya fito ne daga Haines Junction, Yukon . [4]

Rayuwa ta mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

John Graham mahaifin yara takwas ne kuma tsohon mazaunin Vancouver, British Columbia . [5]

Ayyuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Graham memba ne na dogon lokaci na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka .

A shekara ta 1974, lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17, ya shiga cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Caravan daga Vancouver zuwa Ottawa, wani taron zama mara izini wanda mahalarta 300 daga Caravan suka koma cikin ginin Carbide Mill da aka watsar a Tsibirin Victoria, a bayan gine-ginen majalisar a Ottawa, na tsawon watanni 5. Graham ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin zanga-zangar a duk sauran lardunan Kanada. A Vancouver, Graham ya kuma shiga a matsayin memba na Beothuck Patrol, ƙungiyar First Nations wacce ke gudanar da sa ido kan tituna game da cin zarafin 'yan sanda.

A watan Yunin 1980, Caravan for Survival, wanda ya hada da Graham a matsayin mai zanga-zangar, ya kunshi wanda ya tuka daga Saskatchewan" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan, babban birnin Saskatchew, zuwa arewacin Saskatchewar uranium boom garin La Ronge don nuna rashin amincewa da budewar hukumar binciken Key Lake Uranium Mine Board of Inquiry.[6]

Bayan kammalawar 'yan asalin ƙasar Caravan, Graham ya shiga cikin aikinsa na farko na makamai lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙungiyar New York don samar da tallafi (a matsayin babban tsaro) ga sake mamaye ƙasar Mohawk a Ganienkeh, wanda aka fi sani da Eagle Lake .

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1981, kungiyar AIM Survival Group ta bude sansanin Anne Mae Aquash Survival Camp kusa da al'ummar Pinehouse, wanda ke arewacin Saskatchewan, a kan hanyar Key Lake, wanda aka yi don ƙirƙirar wani taro inda za'a iya tattauna batutuwan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da matsalolin masana'antar uranium a bayyane. Graham na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke sansanin.[6]

A cikin watanni na Mayu da Yuni a cikin 1984, Graham ya yi magana a ko'ina cikin Turai, a kan yawon shakatawa da aka shirya ta mai adawa da nukiliya na Turai, 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar da kungiyoyin muhalli don wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin hakar uranium a Kanada akan' 'Yan asalin Kanada.[7]

Tarihin Shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kisan Anna Mae Aquash

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash sananniyar murya ce kuma babbar mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka.

A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, an tilasta wa Aquash fita daga gidan mai fafutukar Denver AIM Troy Lynn S. Yellow Wood duk da rashin amincewar da ya yi cewa wani mummunan abu zai faru da Aquash. Daga nan aka kai Aquash zuwa wani gida a cikin Rapid City mallakar ɗan'uwan Russell Means, inda aka yi mata tambayoyi kuma, masu gabatar da kara sun zarge ta, an kama ta, Graham ya azabtar da ita kuma ya yi mata fyade.[8]

Looking Cloud, daya daga cikin abokan Graham da Nelson-Clark, ya ce ya ji Graham da Aquash "suna yin jima'i" a cikin ɗakin kwana na wani gidan Rapid City (wanda aka danganta mallakarsa ga Thelma Rios da mahaifiyarta [9]); mai gabatar da kara ya zargi Graham ya yi wa Aquash fyade. [8] Looking Cloud ya jira a waje da dakin yayin da Graham ya yi wa Aquash fyade, kuma Graham ya yarda a cikin hira / tambayoyi cewa Looking Cloud yana jira a waje na dakin inda aka tsare Anna Mae.[10]

Daga nan aka koma Aquash da karfi zuwa Reservation na Indiyawan Rosebud inda magoya bayan AIM suka ki ba ta masauki. [11] [ mafi kyau tushe Da ake bukata ] Neman Cloud, tare da Theda Nelson Clarke da Graham, sun tilasta Aquash a cikin bayan mota kuma ya tuka ta zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash style kisa a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu. [12] Jikinta ya kasance kusan watanni biyu bayan haka a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 [13] a kan Rijiyar Indiya ta Pine Ridge a kasan wani kwarin da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. [14] An bayyana cewa an kashe Aquash da makami, yayin da binciken gawarwakin ya nuna cewa an danne bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta. [15] Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa baya ga mummunar harbin bindigar, fallasa ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Aquash, [16] yayin da jikinta ya yi sanyi a lokacin da aka gano shi. []

Kamawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, an tuhumi Graham da kisan kai na farko na shekara ta 1975 / kisan kai da aka yi wa Anna Mae a Amurka. Saboda Graham ya kasance mazaunin Vancouver a lokacin, shari'ar ta buƙaci fitar da Graham. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, an kama Graham a Vancouver saboda kisan Pictou-Aquash, kuma an sanya belinsa a $ 50,000.00.[17]

Graham ya yi tsayayya da mika shi, kuma duk da cewa an tsare shi a gidansa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, ya shigar da kara a cikin British Columbia don hana shari'ar ci gaba.[18] A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, babban alƙalin ya tsawaita belin Graham zuwa 23 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2006, ya ba lauyan Graham, Terry LaLiberte lokaci don shigar da kara biyo bayan shawarar Kotun Koli ta British Columbia ta fitar da Graham.[19] Graham ya rasa roko, an soke belinsa kuma an kai shi kurkuku don jiran mika shi, [18] wanda ya faru a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2007.

Amurka v. Graham

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tuhumi John Graham a Amurka a ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 tare da kisan kai na farko na shekara ta 1975 / kisan kai da aka yi wa Anna Mae. Bayan dogon shari'a a kotunan tarayya, an kori tuhumar kisan kai ta tarayya a Amurka v. Graham, 572 F.3d 954 (8th Cir.2009). [20]

Jihar Dakota ta Kudu v. Graham

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Koyaya, kafin Graham ya koma Kanada, babban juri na Pennington County ya gurfanar da shi kan tuhumar jihar ta kisan kai da kisan kai. An yi zargin cewa laifin da ya faru shi ne satar Aquash.[21]

A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Alkalin Dakota ta Kudu John Delaney ya haramta duk wani ambaton wani binciken da aka yi a cikin rahoton binciken gawa na farko na Aquash wanda ya nuna cewa tana iya yin jima'i jim kadan kafin mutuwarta ga masu juriya, binciken da masu gabatar da kara suka ce ya samo asali ne daga Graham da ake zargi da fyade Aquash yayin satar ta. [22]

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Nichols-Ecoffey ta shaida cewa wani mai fafutukar AIM da aka yanke masa hukunci daga baya da kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu ya yi wata sanarwa a gabanta da Aquash, wanda daga baya aka harbe shi kuma aka kashe shi.[22] Sanarwar "ƙaddamarwa" ta yi nuni da shigar Peltier ta hanyar "harbe mahaifiyar***** wacce ke rokon rayuwarsa, kuma har yanzu tana harbe shi. " Ecoffey, tsohuwar matar doka ta shugaban AIM Dennis Banks, Alkalin Kotun Da'ira John Delaney ya hana ta gaya wa masu juri daidai abin da ta yi zargin cewa memba na kungiyar Leonard Peltier ya gaya mata watanni shida kafin a kashe Aquash.[23] Alkalin ya yi la'akari da jin dadi. Amma a karkashin tambayoyi daga masu gabatar da kara, an yarda ta ce Peltier ta yi wata sanarwa "mai laifi".[22]

An yanke wa Graham hukunci kan kisan kai a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 bayan masu juriya sun ji shaidar cewa ya taimaka wajen sace Aquash daga Denver a watan Disamba. [24] An yanke wa Graham hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kurkuku saboda kisan.[24][25]

Roƙon 2012

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Graham ya ci gaba da tabbatar da rashin laifinsa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ƙarar da za ta ba shi damar sake shi daga kurkuku. Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta saurari bahasi na baka game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa na 2010 a ranar 19 ga Maris 2012 a Vermillion, South Dakota . [26] Lauyan Graham, John Murphy, ya bayar da hujjar cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta kasance tana da ikon canja wurin shari'arsa daga tarayya zuwa hurumin jiha ba bayan an mika shi ga Amurka, [27] Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta yanke hukuncin cewa jihar na cikin hakkinta na gurfanar da Graham, akwai isassun shaidun da za su hukunta Graham, kuma hukuncin daurin rai da rai ya aikata ba tare da hukunta shi ba. Don haka Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta yi watsi da karar John Graham. [28] Graham a halin yanzu an daure shi a gidan yari ta Kudu Dakota a Sioux Falls, South Dakota. [29]

Roƙon 2018

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Graham ya daukaka kara ga kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka a kan batun cewa, "kotun ba ta da iko a kansa saboda shi ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne wanda ake zargin mika shi ya keta yarjejeniya".[30] Masu kare Graham sun yi jayayya cewa hukuncin da aka yanke masa a shekarar 2011 a Dakota ta Kudu ya kasance saboda kisan kai, wani laifi wanda bai wanzu a Kanada ba, da kuma wani laifi da ba a ambaci bukatar mika shi ba.[31] Koyaya, da'irar ta takwas ta amince da hukuncin Graham, kuma an hana daukaka kara.[32] Kwamitin alƙalai uku sun yarda cewa ba a rubuta kisan kai a cikin buƙatar fitarwa ta asali da Amurka ta rubuta ba. Koyaya, izinin da Kanada ta bayar ya faɗaɗa ikon mika shi, kuma, bisa ga ra'ayin Kotun Gundumar Gundumar takwas, ya wuce ikon Gundumar ta takwas don fassara dokokin Kanada.[31]

Sakamakon haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shari'ar Graham da yanke masa hukunci sun kasance batun bincike da jayayya, tare da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo masu zaman kansu da masu gwagwarmaya da ke rubuta takardu don tallafawa, ko inganta wasu ra'ayoyi game da laifukan da aka yanke wa Graham hukunci. Wasu sun rubuta cewa Graham ya yi iƙirarin cewa an ziyarci shi da iyalinsa sau da yawa a Yukon a cikin shekarun 1990, kuma ana zargin cewa za a tuhume shi da kisan kai idan bai haɗa jagorancin AIM a cikin kisan ba.[33]

Bayan mika Graham zuwa Amurka, an kafa Kwamitin Tsaro na John Graham.[34] Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta tabbatar da rashin laifi. Duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da yin shaida a kan John Graham don musayar rage hukuncinsa na kurkuku, Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, "Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. "[35]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The Lies of John Graham". Indigenous Women for Justice. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  2. ↑ "Letter and Petition Campaign". John Graham Defense Committee. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Stasyszyn, Roxanne (1 June 2012). "John Graham's appeal shot down". Indigenous Women for Justice. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  4. ↑ . 20 February 2013 http://www.onsitereview.ca/miscellanea/20Onsite. Retrieved 17 August 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)[permanent dead link]
  5. ↑ Dunphy, Martin (4 February 2011). "John Graham lawyer to appeal conviction, life sentence in Aquash murder trial in South Dakota · "Cruel and unusual punishment" cited as grounds to allow parole". Straight. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The Anne Mae Aquash Survival Camp, Summer 1981, near Pinehouse, Saskatchewan". John Graham Defense Committee. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  7. ↑ "Independent Radiation Surveys at Niger Uranium Mines Obstructed". Wiser International. 30 January 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Merchant, Nomaan (8 December 2010). "Man testifies at US trial he saw AIM activist shot". Heishort. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Extradition challenged: Misidentification evidence placed before judge". Injustice Busters. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Merchant, Nomaan (2 March 2004). "Man Indicted for Anna Mae's Murder Refuses to take Lie-Detector Test". Heishort. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  11. ↑ "Aquash Murder Case Timeline". JFAMR. Archived from the original on 2004-02-14. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  12. ↑ "Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered?". Legend of Pine Ridge. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  13. ↑ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". The Huffington Post. 27 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  14. ↑ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". First Nation's Drums. 26 December 2000. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  15. ↑ "NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder". Mail Archives. 7 August 1999. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  16. ↑ Sparrow, CJ (22 June 2013). "Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway?". Occupirate. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  17. ↑ Pierre, Billie. "US Renews War on the American Indian Movement:The Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash Story". Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "John Graham loses extradition appeal for 1975 Pine Ridge slaying · Former AIM activist charged in 1975 death of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash". 25 June 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "American Indian Movement Grand Governing Council· Ministry for Information". 8 November 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Supreme Court of South Dakota. STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. John GRAHAM a/k/a John Boy Patton, Defendant and Appellant. No. 25899. Decided: 30 May 2012". Case Law. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  21. ↑ "Supreme Court of South Dakota. STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. John GRAHAM a/k/a John Boy Patton, Defendant and Appellant. No. 25899. Decided: 30 May 2012". Case Law. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Merchant, Norman (8 December 2010). "Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial". Native Times. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  23. ↑ DeMain, Paul. "Aquash Murder Case Timeline". JFAMR. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Geise, Heidi Bell (24 January 2011). "Graham sentenced to life in prison". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  25. ↑ "John Graham sentenced to life in prison for 1975 Aquash murder". Indianz. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  26. ↑ Cook, Andrea J. (25 February 2012). "Rapid City Journal". Indianz. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  27. ↑ Lammers, Dirk (20 March 2012). "Canadian appeals conviction in '75 AIM slaying". Native Times. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "South Dakota Supreme Court Dismisses John Graham Appeal". South Dakota Attorney General. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  29. ↑ "Home". grahamdefense.org.
  30. ↑ "Murder conviction of AIM member affirmed". Black Hills Fox. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Ellis, Jonathan (4 April 2018). "Man loses bid to overturn Anna Mae Aquash murder conviction". Argus Leader. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  32. ↑ "Graham v. Young". Case Text. 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  33. ↑ "Anarchist solidarity with indigenous warrior John Graham". Anarchist News. 19 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  34. ↑ Goldstick, Miles (6 January 2006). "John Graham Arrested on 1 Dec. 2003". Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  35. ↑ Melmer, David (12 February 2004). "Looking Cloud trial raises questions". Indian Country Today Media Networkz. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Graham_(mai_fafutuka_na_Kanada)&oldid=706885"