John Henrik Clarke
 John Henrik Clarke | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Union Springs (en)  , 1 ga Janairu, 1915 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Ƙabila | Afirkawan Amurka |
| Mutuwa | New York, 16 ga Yuli, 1998 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
Columbia University (en) New York University (en) |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
Masanin tarihi, Africanist (en) da university teacher (en) |
| Employers |
Hunter College (mul) Jami'ar Ibadan University of Ghana |
John Henrik Clarke (an haife shi John Henry Clark; 1 ga Janairu, 1915 - Yuli 16, 1998)[1] ɗan tarihi ne ɗan Afirka Ba-Amurke, farfesa, fitaccen ɗan Afrocentrist, [2] kuma majagaba a cikin ƙirƙirar karatun Pan-Afrika da Africana da ƙwararrun cibiyoyi a cikin makarantun da suka fara a ƙarshen 1960s.[3]
Rayuwar baya da karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi John Henry Clark a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1915, a cikin Union Springs, Alabama,[4] ƙaramin ɗan John Clark, mai rabon gado, da Willie Ella Clark, mace mai wanki, wacce ta mutu a 1922.[5] Tare da bege na samun isassun kuɗi don siyan ƙasa maimakon rabon amfanin gona, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa garin niƙa mafi kusa a Columbus, Jojiya.
Dangane da burin mahaifiyarsa ya zama manomi, Clarke ya bar Jojiya a cikin 1933 ta jirgin jigilar kaya ya tafi Harlem, New York, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Hijira na Baƙar fata na karkara daga Kudu zuwa biranen arewa. A nan ne ya yi karatun boko da fafutuka. Ya sake sanyawa kansa suna John Henrik (bayan ɗan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Norway Henrik Ibsen) kuma ya ƙara "e" ga sunan sunansa, ya rubuta shi da "Clarke".[6] Ya kuma shiga aikin sojan Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Cheikh Anta Diop ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Clarke, wanda ya zaburar da labarinsa mai suna "The Historical Legacy of Cheikh Anta Diop: Gudunmawarsa Ga Sabon Ra'ayin Tarihin Afirka". Clarke ya yi imanin cewa, ƙwararrun masana falsafa na Girka sun sami yawancin ra'ayoyinsu da tunaninsu daga hulɗa da 'yan Afirka, waɗanda suka yi tasiri a farkon yammacin yammacin duniya.
Matsayi a cikin ilimi
Daga 1969 zuwa 1986, Clarke ya kasance farfesa na Nazarin Baƙar fata da Puerto Rican a Kwalejin Hunter na Jami'ar City ta New York, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen. Har ila yau, shi ne Carter G. Woodson Babban Farfesa na Tarihin Afirka a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Nazarin Jami'ar Cornell.[7] Bugu da kari, a cikin 1968 ya kafa kungiyar nazarin al'adun gargajiya ta Afirka da kuma Black Caucus na kungiyar Nazarin Afirka.
A cikin mutuwarsa na Clarke, The New York Times ta lura cewa hawan dan gwagwarmayar zuwa farfesa a Kwalejin Hunter "ba a saba da shi ba ... ba tare da cin gajiyar takardar shaidar sakandare ba, balle kuma Ph.D." Ya yarda cewa "babu wanda ya ce Farfesa Clarke ba asalin ilimi ba ne."
A cikin 1994, Clarke ya sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Yammacin Yammacin Turai (Pacific Western University a yanzu) (Jami'ar Miramar California) a Los Angeles, bayan ya sami digiri na farko a can a 1992.[8]
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1920s, Babban Hijira da sauye-sauyen alƙaluma sun haifar da yawan jama'ar Amirkawa mazauna Harlem. Haɗin kai ya samo asali a tsakanin masu fasaha, marubuta, da mawaƙa kuma da yawa sun kasance a cikin Harlem Renaissance. Sun fara aiwatar da tsarin tallafi na ƙungiyoyin karatu da tarurrukan bita na yau da kullun don haɓaka sabbin masu shigowa da matasa.
Isa Harlem yana ɗan shekara 18 a cikin 1933, Clarke ya haɓaka a matsayin marubuci kuma malami yayin Babban Bacin rai. Ya shiga da'irar karatu kamar Harlem History Club da Harlem Writers' Workshop. Ya yi karatu na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar Columbia, Kwalejin Hunter, New School of Social Research da League for Professional Writers.[9] Ya kasance mai mulki wanda masu ba da shawara sun haɗa da masanin Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.[10] Daga 1941 zuwa 1945, Clarke ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in da ba na ba da izini ba a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka, daga karshe ya kai matsayin babban sajan.[10]
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sami sabbin ci gaban fasaha, tare da kafa kananan jaridu da mujallu da kuma tsira na dan lokaci kadan. Marubuta da wallafe-wallafen sun ci gaba da fara sabbin masana'antu: Clarke shi ne wanda ya kafa Harlem Quarterly (1949-51), editan bitar littafin Negro History Bulletin (1948-52), editan abokiyar mujallu, Freedomways, da kuma marubucin fasalin mai baƙar fata na Pittsburgh Courier.
Clarke ya koyar a Sabuwar Makaranta don Binciken Jama'a daga 1956 zuwa 1958.[11] Tafiya a Yammacin Afirka a 1958–59, ya sadu da Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya ba shi jagoranci a matsayin dalibi a Amurka, [12] kuma an ba shi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida na Labaran Maraice na Ghana. Ya kuma yi karatu a jami'ar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka ciki har da Najeriya a jami'ar Ibadan.
A bikin cikar farko na juyin juya halin Cuba wata gungun masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a bakar fata, wadanda suka hada da Clarke, Harold Cruse, Amiri Baraka, da Julian Mayfield, sun yi tattaki zuwa Havana a wata tafiya da kwamitin Fair Play for Cuba ya shirya.[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Thomas, Jr., Robert McG. (July 20, 1998). "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Advocate, Dies at 83". New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2009
- ↑ Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso. pp. v. ISBN 978-1-85984-228-7.
- ↑ Kelley, Robin D.G. (3 January 1999). "THE LIVES THEY LIVED: John Henrik Clarke; Self-Made Angry Man". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Dr. John Henrik Clarke". www.raceandhistory.com. Retrieved 2019-02-09
- ↑ "John Henrik Clarke (1915-1998)". BlackPast. 2007-01-23. Retrieved 2019-02-09
- ↑ Adams, Barbara E. (2011). John Henrik Clarke: Master Teacher (Rev. and expanded ed., including selected lectures ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Eworld. ISBN 9781617590122. OCLC 778418838
- ↑ Eric Kofi Acree, "John Henrik Clarke: Historian, Scholar, and Teacher", Cornell University Library
- ↑ Andy Wallace, "John H. Clarke, 83, Leading African American Historian", Philly.com (The Inquirer), July 18, 1998.
- ↑ "John Henrik Clarke" Archived 2006-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, Legacy Exhibit online, New Jersey Public Library - Schomburg Center for the Study of Black Culture; accessed January 20, 2009.
- ↑ Jacob H. Carruthers, "John Henrik Clarke: the Harlem connection to the founding of Africana Studies", in Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, Afro-American Historical Association of the Niagara Frontier, Inc., 2006; accessed May 25, 2009
- ↑ Sieving, Christopher (2011). Soul Searching: Black-Themed Cinema from the March on Washington to the Rise of Blaxploitation. Wesleyan University Press. p. 129.