Jonas Savimbi
 Jonas Savimbi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Jonas Malheiro Savimbi |
| Haihuwa |
Moxico Province (en)  da Munhango (en) , 3 ga Augusta, 1934 |
| ƙasa | Angola |
| Mutuwa |
Moxico Province (en) , 22 ga Faburairu, 2002 |
| Makwanci |
Luena (en) |
| Yanayin mutuwa |
death in battle (en) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Yara |
view
|
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
University of Lausanne (en) |
| Harsuna |
Harshen Umbundu Portuguese language Turanci Faransanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | ɗan siyasa da Mayaƙi |
| Aikin soja | |
| Digiri | Janar |
| Ya faɗaci |
Yakin Independence na Angola Angolan Civil War (en) |
| Imani | |
| Jam'iyar siyasa | UNITA |
Jonas Malheiro Sidónio Sakaita Savimbipt(3 ga Agusta 1934 - 22 ga Fabrairu 2002) ɗan juyin juya hali ne na Angola, ɗan siyasa, kuma jagoran sojan tawaye wanda ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasar Angola (UNITA). UNITA na day6a daga cikin kungiyoyi da dama da suka gudanar da guerrilla war da mulkin mallaka na Portugal daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1974. Da zarar an samu 'yancin kai, sai ta zama wata kungiya mai adawa da gurguzu wacce ta fuskanci jam'iyyar People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) mai mulki a lokacin yakin basasar Angola. Savimbi ya yi mu'amala mai yawa da masu adawa da kwaminisanci a Amurka, ciki har da Jack Abramoff kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu adawa da kwaminisanci a duniya. An kashe Savimbi a wata arangama da sojojin gwamnati a shekara ta 2002.[1]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jonas Malheiro Sidónio Sakaita Savimbi an haife shi a Munhango, Lardin Bié, wani ƙaramin gari a kan titin jirgin ƙasa na Benguela, kuma ya girma a Chilesso, a lardin ɗaya.[2] Mahaifin Savimbi, Lote, shi ne mai kula da tasha a layin dogo na Benguela na Angola kuma mai wa'azin Furotesta Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (Cocin Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Angola), wanda Amurkawa mishan suka kafa kuma suka kula da su. Dukansu iyayensa sun kasance membobin kungiyar Bieno na Ovimbundu, mutanen da daga baya suka zama babban tushen siyasa na Savimbi.[3][4]
A cikin shekarunsa na farko, Savimbi ya yi karatu musamman a makarantun Furotesta, amma kuma ya halarci makarantun Roman Katolika. Yana da shekaru 24 ya sami gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Portugal.
A maimakon haka ya zama yana da alaƙa da ɗalibai daga Angola da sauran ƙasashen Portugal waɗanda ke shirya kansu don adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma suna da alaƙa da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Portugal ta ɓoye. Ya san Agostinho Neto, wanda a lokacin yana karatun likitanci kuma wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar MPLA kuma shugaban ƙasar Angola na farko. Ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga 'yan sandan sirri na Portuguese (PIDE), Savimbi ya bar Portugal zuwa Switzerland tare da taimakon 'yan gurguzu na Portugal da Faransa da sauran masu goyon bayansa, kuma daga bisani ya ji rauni a Lausanne. A nan ya sami damar samun sabon guraben karatu daga mishan na Amurka kuma ya yi karatun kimiyyar zamantakewa. Daga nan sai ya tafi Jami'ar Friborg don ƙarin karatu. [lower-alpha 1]
Yayin da yake can, mai yiwuwa a cikin watan Agusta 1960, [5] ya haɗu da Holden Roberto, wanda ya riga ya kasance tauraro mai tasowa a cikin da'irar émigré. Roberto ya kasance memban na kafa UPA (União das Populaçoes de Angola) kuma an riga an san shi da ƙoƙarinsa na inganta 'yancin Angola a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki Savimbi wanda da alama bai yanke shawarar ko zai sadaukar da kansa ga fa'idar samun 'yancin kai na Angola a wancan lokacin a rayuwarsa ba.
A ƙarshen watan Satumba 1960, an nemi Savimbi ya ba da jawabi a Kampala, Uganda a madadin UDEAN (União Democrática dos Estudantes da Africa Negra), ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ke da alaƙa da MPLA. A wannan taron ya haɗu da Tom Mboya wanda ya kai shi Kenya don ganin Jomo Kenyatta. Dukansu sun buƙaci Savimbi ya shiga UPA. Ya gaya wa masu yi wa Faransa tambayoyi "J'ai été convaincu par Kenyatta" ("Na gamsu da Kenyatta"). Nan da nan ya rubuta wa Roberto wasiƙa yana sa kansa a hidimarsa, wanda Mboya ya kai shi da kansa zuwa New York. Bayan ya koma Switzerland, Roberto ya buga masa waya. Sun haɗu a Léopoldville (Kinshasa) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1960, kuma nan da nan suka tafi Amirka. Wannan shi ne farkon ziyarar da yawa.
Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin kayan tushe game da ranar shigar da Savimbi a hukumance a cikin UPA. Fred Bridgland, wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar Savimbi da aka ambata da yawa, ya ce Savimbi an "shigar da shi cikin UPA" a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 1961. [6] Duk da haka, ƙila bai shiga UPA bisa hukuma ba har zuwa ƙarshen i 1961. [lower-alpha 2]
Tabbas da alama Savimbi baya cikin da'irar masu fafutukar UPA a farkon shekara ta 1961. Bai shiga cikin shirin tashin watan Maris na 1961 ba, bai kuma shiga ciki ba.
Savimbi ya zauna a Léopoldville har zuwa ƙarshen watan Maris 1961, sannan ya tafi Switzerland don shirya jarabawa. Wataƙila ya gaza, domin ya yi watsi da karatun likitanci a Fribourg, kuma a cikin watan Disamba 1961 ya shiga Jami'ar Lausanne a fannin shari'a da siyasa ta duniya.
A watan Satumba na 1961, 'yan Afirka daga yankunan Portuguese da ke karatu a ƙasashen waje sun kafa UGEAN (União Geral dos Estudantes da Africa Negra Sob Dominacão Colonial Portuguesa) a wani taro a Rabat, Morocco. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da MPLA.
Holden Roberto da UPA sun buƙaci ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ke da alaƙa da jam'iyyarsu. A cikin watan Disamba 1961, Roberto ya jagoranci taro a Camp Green Lane kusa da Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Savimbi ya halarci wannan taron kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu shiryawa da yawa waɗanda suka ƙirƙira UNEA, (União Nacional dos Estudantes Angolanos) a cikin watan Maris 1962 a Lucerne, Switzerland. An zaɓi Savimbi a matsayin Sakatare-Janar. [9]
Savimbi ya shiga cikin ayyukan UPA yayin da yake ci gaba da karatu a Switzerland. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a madadin kungiyar: zuwa Yugoslavia don taron koli na farko da ba sa jituwa a watan Satumba na 1961, tare da Holden Roberto, kuma ya tafi New York don taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya daga bayan wannan faɗuwar.
A cikin kankanin lokaci, ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na UPA. Shi ne wanda ya karfafa PDA (Partido Democrático de Angola) don shiga cikin haɗin kai tare da UPA, ya haifar da FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola) kuma lokacin da waɗannan jam'iyyun suka kafa GRAE (Govêrno Revolucionário de Angola no Exílio) a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, Ministan Harkokin Waje na wannan kungiyar Savimbi.[10][11]
A shekarar 1993 ya haifi Nazar, wanda aka haifa a Belgium.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Introduction: Angola", The World fact book, 8 November 2021, archived from the original on 11 January 2021, retrieved 24 January 2021
- ↑ Ndombele Mayembe (2017). Reforma educativa em Angola: a monodocência no ensino primário em Cabinda. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
- ↑ Kaufman, Michael T. (23 February 2003), "Jonas Savimbi, 67, Rebel of Charisma and Tenacity", The New York Times.
- ↑ For a careful reconstruction of Savimbi's trajectory, Marcum, John (1969), The Angolan Revolution, I. Anatomy of an explosion (1950–1962), London / Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- ↑ Chilcote 1972.
- ↑ Bridgland 1988.
- ↑ Chilcote 1972, p. 157.
- ↑ Houser 1989, p. 155.
- ↑ Paget 2015.
- ↑ Hunter-Tilney, Ludovic (April 3, 2020). "Nazar revisits the Angolan civil war through kuduro music in Guerrilla". Financial Times. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ↑ Ravens, Chal (13 March 2020). "From bombs to beats: how Nazar summed up the sound of Angola". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
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