Joseph Campbell
{
.jpg)
Joseph John Campbell (Maris 26, 1904) – Oktoba 30, 1987) marubuci ne ɗan Amurka kuma mijin Jean Erdman . [1] Farfesa ne a fannin adabi a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence wanda ya yi aiki a cikin tatsuniyoyi masu kama da juna da kuma addinin kwatantawa . Aikinsa ya shafi fannoni da dama na yanayin ɗan adam . Aikin Campbell da ya fi shahara shi ne littafinsa mai suna The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), inda ya tattauna ka'idar tafiyar gwarzon da aka saba da shi a cikin tatsuniyoyi na duniya, wanda ake kira monomyth .
Tun bayan buga littafin The Hero with a Thousand Faces, marubuta da masu fasaha na zamani iri-iri sun yi amfani da ka'idojin Campbell. Falsafarsa an takaita ta da kalmarsa da ake yawan maimaitawa: "Bi ni'imarka." Ya sami karbuwa a Hollywood lokacin da George Lucas ya yaba wa aikin Campbell a matsayin wanda ya yi tasiri a cikin labarinsa na Star Wars . [2]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Joseph Campbell a White Plains, New York, [3] a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1904, babban ɗan mai shigo da kayan sawa da dillali Charles William Campbell, daga Waltham, Massachusetts, da Josephine (née Lynch), daga New York. Campbell ya girma ne a cikin dangin Katolika na Irish na matsakaicin matsayi ; ya ba da labarin cewa kakansa na uba Charles "manomi" ne wanda ya zo Boston daga Gundumar Mayo a Ireland, kuma ya zama mai kula da lambu da mai kula da Lyman Estate da ke Waltham, inda ɗansa Charles William Campbell ya girma kuma ya zama mai sayar da kayayyaki mai nasara a wani shagon kayan sawa kafin ya kafa kasuwancin kayan sawa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa New Rochelle, New York . A shekarar 1919, gobara ta lalata gidan danginsa a New Rochelle, inda ta kashe kakarsa ta uwa kuma ta raunata mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin cetonta. [4]
A shekarar 1921, Campbell ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Canterbury da ke New Milford, Connecticut . A lokacin da yake Kwalejin Dartmouth, ya yi karatun ilmin halitta da lissafi, amma ya yanke shawarar cewa ya fi son ilimin ɗan adam . Ya koma Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci a shekarar 1925 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin adabin zamanin da a shekarar 1927. A Dartmouth, ya shiga Delta Tau Delta . Ya kasance ƙwararre a fannin ɗan wasa, ya sami kyaututtuka a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, kuma, na ɗan lokaci, yana cikin 'yan tsere mafi sauri a duniya. [5]
A shekara ta 1924, Campbell ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai tare da iyalinsa. A cikin jirgin ruwa yayin tafiyarsa ta dawowa, ya haɗu da zaɓaɓɓen Almasihu na ƙungiyar Theosophical Society, Jiddu Krishnamurti ; sun tattauna falsafar Indiya, wanda hakan ya sa Campbell ya nuna sha'awar tunanin Hindu da Indiya . [5] A shekara ta 1927, ya sami tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Columbia don yin karatu a Turai. Campbell ya yi karatun Tsohon Faransanci, Provençal, da Sanskrit a Jami'ar Paris da Jami'ar Munich . Ya koyi karatu da magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci. [5]
Bayan ya dawo Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1929, Campbell ya nuna sha'awarsa ta ci gaba da nazarin Sanskrit da fasahar zamani ban da adabin zamanin da . Saboda rashin amincewar malamai, Campbell ya janye daga karatun digiri na biyu. Daga baya a rayuwarsa ya yi ba'a cewa alama ce ta rashin ƙwarewa a sami digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi, wato fannin da ya shafi aikinsa. [6]
Babban Matsanancin Rauni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da isowar Babban Mawuyacin Halin Da Ake Ciki, Campbell ya shafe shekaru biyar masu zuwa (1929-1934) yana zaune a wani gida mai haya a Woodstock, New York . A can, ya yi tunani game da wani mataki na gaba na rayuwarsa yayin da yake yin nazari mai zurfi da tsauri. Daga baya ya ce "zai raba ranar zuwa awanni huɗu na sa'o'i uku, wanda zan karanta a cikin sa'o'i uku na sa'o'i uku, kuma in 'yantar da ɗaya daga cikinsu." ... Zan yi karatun sa'o'i tara a rana. Kuma wannan ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru biyar a jere." [5]
Campbell ya yi tafiya zuwa California na tsawon shekara guda (1931-1932), ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kansa kuma ya zama aboki na kud da kud ga marubuci mai tasowa John Steinbeck da matarsa Carol. Campbell ya haɗu da 'yar'uwar Carol, Idell, a cikin jirgin ruwa na Honolulu kuma ta gabatar da shi ga Steinbecks. Campbell ya yi soyayya da Carol. [ 26 ] A yankin Monterey, Campbell, kamar John Steinbeck, ya faɗi ƙarƙashin sihirin masanin ilmin halittu na ruwa Ed Ricketts (samfurin "Doc" a cikin littafin Steinbeck na Cannery Row da kuma haruffan tsakiya a cikin wasu littattafai da dama). Campbell ya zauna na ɗan lokaci kusa da Ricketts, ya halarci ayyukan ƙwararru da zamantakewa a gidan maƙwabcinsa, kuma ya raka shi, tare da Xenia da Sasha Kashevaroff, a cikin tafiya ta 1932 zuwa Juneau, Alaska a kan Grampus . Campbell ya fara rubuta wani labari da ya mayar da hankali kan Ricketts a matsayin gwarzo amma, ba kamar Steinbeck ba, bai kammala littafinsa ba.
Bruce Robison ya rubuta cewa
Campbell would refer to those days as a time when everything in his life was taking shape. ... Campbell, the great chronicler of the "hero's journey" in mythology, recognized patterns that paralleled his own thinking in one of Ricketts's unpublished philosophical essays. Echoes of Carl Jung, Robinson Jeffers and James Joyce can be found in the work of Steinbeck and Ricketts as well as Campbell.[7]
Campbell ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kansa yayin da yake koyarwa na tsawon shekara guda a shekarar 1933 a Makarantar Canterbury da ke Connecticut, a lokacin kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin buga ayyukan almara. Yayin da yake koyarwa a Makarantar Canterbury, Campbell ya sayar da gajeren labarinsa na farko mai suna Strictly Platonic ga mujallar Liberty . [8]
Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarar 1934, Campbell ya karɓi matsayin farfesa a fannin adabi a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence da ke Yonkers, New York . A shekarar 1938, ya auri ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗalibansa, mai rawa - mai tsara rawa Jean Erdman . A mafi yawan shekaru 49 da suka yi suna aure, suna zaune a gida mai ɗakuna biyu a Greenwich Village da ke birnin New York. A shekarun 1980, sun kuma sayi gida a Honolulu kuma suka raba lokacinsu tsakanin biranen biyu. Ba su da 'ya'ya.
A farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Campbell ya halarci lacca daga masanin ilimin halittar jiki Heinrich Zimmer ; mutanen biyu sun zama abokai na kud da kud. Bayan mutuwar Zimmer, an ba Campbell aikin gyara da kuma buga takardun Zimmer bayan mutuwarsa, wanda zai yi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.
A tsakanin 1955 zuwa 1956, a matsayin littafin ƙarshe na littafin bayan mutuwar Zimmer, The Art of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations, wanda aka kusa bugawa, Campbell ya ɗauki hutu daga Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence kuma ya yi tafiya, a karon farko, zuwa Asiya. Ya yi watanni shida a kudancin Asiya (galibi Indiya) da kuma wasu shida a Gabashin Asiya (galibi Japan). A wannan shekarar ya yi tasiri sosai kan tunaninsa game da addinin Asiya da tatsuniyoyi, da kuma wajibcin koyar da tatsuniyoyi masu kwatantawa ga masu sauraro masu yawa, waɗanda ba na ilimi ba.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Jean Erdman | Department of Dance | University of Washington". dance.washington.edu. Retrieved 2025-11-30.
- ↑ Larsen & Larsen 2002.
- ↑ "Joseph Campbell Foundation". May 2, 2016. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Joseph Campbell Bio". Essortment. essortment.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Campbell 2003.
- ↑ Campbell 1990.
- ↑ Robison, Bruce uwquieH. (2004). "Mavericks on Cannery Row". American Scientist. Vol. 92 no. 6. Sigma Xi. pp. 568–569. ISSN 0003-0996. JSTOR 27858490. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
- ↑ Campbell 2004.