Josie Mpama
Josie Mpama (21 Maris 1903 - 3 Disamba 1979), an haife shi Josephine Palmer, ya kasance mai adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar aiki.
Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma kare hakkin ma'aikata da na mata, an dauke ta mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Josephine Palmer a shekara ta 1903 a Potchefstroom a cikin abin da aka sani da Transvaal Colony, yanzu Lardin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka ta Kudu.[1]
Iyayenta sune Georgina Garson da Stephen Bonny Mpama, mai fassara gwamnati.[1] Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai launi; mahaifinta Zulu ne, kodayake iyalinsa sun bar al'ummarsu kuma sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci, kuma mahaifiyarta Mfengu, Afrikaner, da moSotho ce.[2][3]
An san ta da gari ɓangare na rayuwarta a matsayin Josie Palmer, ta amfani da Anglicized version na sunan karshe na mahaifinta Zulu. Ta fara amfani da sunan Mpama daga baya, a kan ƙaura zuwa wani baƙar fata, amma ta yi amfani da sunayen biyu a duk rayuwarta, dangane da wani ɓangare na inda take zaune.[1][2]
Mpama ta girma ne a Sophiatown, a wajen Johannesburg, kafin ta koma Potchefstroom a 1921. Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, kuma daga ƙarshe dole ne ta kula da kanta da mahaifiyarta ta hanyar aiki a matsayin bawa ga iyalan fararen fata.[1]
Yunkurin fafutuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Mpama ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko da suka shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, magajin Jam'iyyar Kaminis ta Kudu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga, ta zama sakatariyar reshen Jam'iyyar Kwaminis na Potchefstroom . [1][2]
A cikin 1928, ta jagoranci kamfen game da buƙatar mazauna baƙar fata na yankin Potchefstroom don samun izinin mai masauki ga duk wanda ya zauna a gidajensu, gami da yaransu masu girma. Ta ci gaba da yin kamfen game da wasu mazaunan wariyar launin fata da ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye.[1][4] Mpama ta kuma shiga cikin rikice-Rikicin Beer Hall na 1929.
A farkon shekarun aikinta na siyasa, ta yi wanki ga iyalai masu farin don samun kuɗi.
An tilasta mata da mijinta su bar Potchefstroom a 1931, kuma sun koma Johannesburg. Ta shiga Ofishin Siyasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1937 sannan kuma Kwamitin Tsakiya. Ta kuma zama memba na kwamitin jam'iyyar Johannesburg a cikin shekarun 1940 kuma ta kasance jagora a sashin mata na jam'iyyar.[1][4]
Mpama ya rubuta wa Umsebenzi, hukumar yada labarai ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, a cikin 1920s da '30s, yana nuna gwagwarmayar ma'aikatan baƙar fata. Ta kasance mai fafutukar goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don kara albashi ga malamai.[1][4][5]
A shekara ta 1935, ta yi tafiya zuwa Moscow don halartar Taron Duniya na Bakwai na Kwaminisanci na Duniya da kuma karatu a Jami'ar Kwaminisancin Toilers na Gabas . [6]
Ayyukan Mpama sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata. A shekara ta 1947, ta taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar Transvaal All Women's Union, ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar ta farko. Daga nan sai ta taimaka wajen gano Tarayyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1954, daga ƙarshe ta jagoranci reshen Transvaal.[1]
Shekaru na baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mpama ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga hukumomi, gami da umarnin haramta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 da kuma kama shi a shekarar 1960. Daga bisani aka tilasta mata ta koma baya daga ayyukan siyasa saboda haramtacciyar doka da matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tana shirya kungiyoyin mata a cocin ta.[1]
Mpama ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979, bayan mota ta buge ta yayin da take jiran karbar fansho.[1]
Rayuwa ta mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mpama ta auri Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, jagora a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin shekarun 1920.[1][4] Saboda an rarraba Mofutsanyana a matsayin Afirka a ƙarƙashin dokokin wariyar launin fata yayin da aka rarraba Mpama a matsayin mai launi, haɗin gwiwarsu ta doka ta keta dokokin wariyar jinsi. Ma'auratan sun rabu a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.[7]
Ta haifi 'yarta ta farko, Carol, tare da wani mutum mai launi a Doornfontein a shekarar 1920. Daga nan sai ta haifi 'yarta ta biyu, Francis, tare da wani mutum a 1926.
Tare da Mofutsanyana, ta haifi wata 'yar, Hilda, a cikin 1928.[8] Daga baya ta haifi ɗa, Dennis, mai yiwuwa samfurin wani al'amari da Musa Kotane.
Mpama ta kasance mai bin Anglican, kuma tana da murya a cikin imanin cewa babu wata sabani tsakanin bangaskiyarta ta Kirista da jajircewarta ga Kwaminisanci.
Sanarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Luthuli in Silver saboda gwagwarmayarta game da wariyar launin fata da kuma goyon bayan 'yancin ma'aikata.[9]
An wakilta ta da wani mutum-mutumi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a cikin Gidan Tsaro na Groenkloof . [10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Josie Palmer". South African History Online. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- 1 2 3 "60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30)". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 2016-08-25. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ↑ "Josesphine "Josie" Mpama". National Heritage Monument. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 van Rensburg, Fanie (N.S.) Jansen (May 2012). "Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950" (PDF). Historia. 57: 1: 22–41.
- ↑ Roth, Mia (1996-01-01). "Josie Mpama: The contribution of a largely forgotten figure in the South African liberation struggle". Kleio. 28 (1): 120–136. doi:10.1080/00232089685310101. ISSN 0023-2084.
- ↑ "Josie Palmer Mpama". Our Constitution (in Turanci). 21 April 1903. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1". - ↑ "2. Potchefstroom: A Fighting Location". South African History Online. 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
- ↑ "Josie (Palmer) Mpama (1903 - 1979)". The Presidency Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ↑ "The Long March to Freedom". National Heritage Monument. Archived from the original on 2022-11-25. Retrieved 2021-01-07.