Julius Nyerere
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Julius Kambarage Nyerere (lafazin Swahili: [ˈdʒulius kɑᵐbɑˈɾɑɠɛ ɲɛˈɾɛɾɛ]; 13 Afrilu 1922 - 14 Oktoba 1999) ɗan siyasan Tanzaniya ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka, kuma masanin ilimin siyasa. Ya mulki Tanganyika a matsayin firaminista daga 1961 zuwa 1962 sannan ya zama shugaban kasa daga 1962 zuwa 1964, bayan haka ya jagoranci kasar da ta gaje ta, Tanzaniya, a matsayin shugaban kasa daga 1964 zuwa 1985. Ya kasance memba kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) jam'iyyar (TANU) da kuma wanda ya gaje ta, Chama, 4 daga Chama 190 zuwa Chama 19. A bisa akida dan kishin kasa na Afirka kuma mai ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka, ya inganta falsafar siyasa da aka fi sani da Ujamaa.
An haife shi a garin Butiama da ke Mara, sannan a yankin Tanganyika da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, Nyerere dan sarkin Zanaki ne. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Makerere da ke Uganda sannan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Edinburgh ta Scotland. A 1952 ya koma Tanganyika, ya yi aure, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta. A shekarar 1954, ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar TANU, inda ya yi yakin neman ‘yancin Tanganyikan daga Daular Burtaniya. Shugaban 'yancin kai na Indiya Mahatma Gandhi ya yi tasiri, Nyerere ya yi wa'azin zanga-zangar da ba ta da tushe don cimma wannan buri. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki a zaben 1958-1959, Nyerere ya jagoranci TANU zuwa nasara a babban zaben 1960, ya zama Firayim Minista. Tattaunawa da hukumomin Birtaniya ya haifar da samun 'yancin kai a Tanganyikan a 1961. A 1962, Tanganyika ta zama jamhuriya, tare da Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko. Gwamnatinsa ta ci gaba da kawar da mulkin mallaka da kuma "Africanation" na ma'aikatan gwamnati tare da inganta haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka da kuma 'yan tsirarun Asiya da Turai na kasar. Ya karfafa kafa kasa mai jam’iyya daya kuma bai yi nasara ba ya ci gaba da kafa kungiyar kasashen Afrika ta Gabashin Afirka tare da Uganda da Kenya. An dakile wani kisan gilla a 1963 a cikin sojojin tare da taimakon Burtaniya.
Bayan juyin juya halin Zanzibar na 1964, tsibirin Zanzibar ya hade da Tanganyika don kafa Tanzaniya. Bayan wannan, Nyerere ya ba da fifiko kan dogaro da kai da zamantakewa. Ko da yake tsarin gurguzu ya sha banban da na Marxism–Leninism, Tanzania ta kulla alaka ta kut da kut da kasar Sin Mao Zedong. A cikin 1967, Nyerere ya ba da sanarwar Arusha wanda ya bayyana hangen nesansa na ujamaa. An mayar da bankuna da sauran manyan masana'antu da kamfanoni na kasa; ilimi da kiwon lafiya an fadada sosai. An sake mai da hankali kan ci gaban aikin gona ta hanyar samar da gonakin jama'a, duk da cewa wadannan sauye-sauyen na kawo cikas ga samar da abinci da kuma bar yankunan da suka dogara da taimakon abinci. Gwamnatinsa ta ba da horo da taimako ga kungiyoyin da ke yaki da ‘yan mulkin mallaka da ke yaki da mulkin ‘yan tsiraru a duk fadin kudancin Afirka da kuma kula da yakin da Tanzaniya ta yi da Uganda a 1978-1979 wanda ya yi sanadin hambarar da shugaban Uganda Idi Amin. A cikin 1985, Nyerere ya tsaya tsayin daka kuma Ali Hassan Mwinyi ya gaje shi, wanda ya sauya yawancin manufofin Nyerere. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban Chama Cha Mapinduzi har zuwa 1990, inda ya goyi bayan sauyin tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, sannan ya zama mai shiga tsakani a yunkurin kawo karshen yakin basasar Burundi.
Nyerere mutum ne mai jayayya. A duk faɗin Afirka ya sami girmamawa sosai a matsayinsa na mai adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma a kan mulki ya sami yabo don tabbatar da cewa, ba kamar yawancin makwabtanta ba, Tanzaniya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan samun 'yancin kai. Gina jam’iyya daya da kuma yin amfani da tsare-tsare ba tare da an gurfanar da shi a gaban shari’a ba, ya kai ga zarge-zargen mulkin kama-karya, yayin da kuma ake zarginsa da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. Ana girmama shi sosai a cikin Tanzaniya, inda sau da yawa dan Swahili mai girma Mwalimu ("malami") ke kiransa kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Uban Al'umma".
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarinta 1922 zuwa 1934
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Julius Kambarage Nyerere a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1922 a Mwitongo, wani yanki na ƙauyen Butiama a cikin yankin Mara na Tanganyika.[1][2]Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴa 25 da suka tsira na Nyerere Burito, shugaban mutanen Zanaki.[3] An haifi Burito a shekara ta 1860 kuma aka ba shi suna "Nyerere" ("caterpillar" a Zanaki) bayan wata annoba ta tsutsotsi ta mamaye yankin a lokacin da aka haife shi.[4] An nada Burito a matsayin shugaba a shekara ta 1915, wanda masu kula da daular Jamus suka kafa a wancan lokacin a wancan lokaci Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Burito yana da mata 22, wanda mahaifiyar Julius, Mugaya Nyang'ombe, ita ce ta biyar.[5] An haife ta a shekara ta 1892 kuma ta auri sarki a shekarar 1907, tana da shekaru goma sha biyar.[6] Mugaya ta haifi Burito 'ya'ya maza hudu da mata hudu, wanda Nyerere shi ne yaro na biyu; biyu daga cikin ‘yan uwansa sun rasu tun suna jariri[7].
Wadannan matan suna zaune ne a bukkoki daban-daban a kusa da corral na shanun Burito, wanda a tsakiyarsa ne gidansa.[8] Zanaki na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilu 120 mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙabilu 120 da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka sannan aka raba su zuwa sarakuna takwas; Za a hade su ne kawai a karkashin sarautar Cif Wanzagi Nyerere, dan uwan Burito, a cikin shekarun 1960.[9] dangin Nyerere su ne Abhakibweege.[10] A lokacin haihuwa, ana ba Nyerere suna "Mugendi" ("Mai Tafiya" a Zanaki) amma ba da daɗewa ba aka canza wannan zuwa "Kambarage", sunan ruhun ruwan sama na mace, bisa shawarar mai duban omugabhu[11]. Nyerere ya taso cikin tsarin imani na shirka na Zanaki, [12] kuma ya zauna a gidan mahaifiyarsa, yana taimakon noman gero, masara da rogo.[13] Tare da sauran yara maza kuma ya halarci kiwon awaki da shanu[14]. A wani lokaci ya yi kaciyar Zanaki na gargajiya a Gabizuryo.[15] A matsayinsa na ɗan sarki ya fuskanci iko da iko na Afirka, [16] da zama a cikin gidan ya ba shi godiya ga zaman jama'a wanda zai tasiri ra'ayinsa na siyasa na baya.
Maazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Nyerere was not aware of his date of birth for much of his life; he claimed that he was born in February 1921 for at least his first twenty-five years. He discovered his actual date of birth in the late 1960s, when it was revealed that a local elder, Mtokambali Bukiri, had made a note of it in his medical records for the community.
- ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 11, 37–38; Bjerk 2015, p. 24; Bjerk 2017, p. 27.
- ↑ Smith 1973, p. 40; Molony 2014, p. 12.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 32.
- ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 13, 34.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 34; Bjerk 2017, p. 27
- ↑ Smith 1973, p. 40.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 13
- ↑ Assensoh 1998, p. 125
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 12
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 38
- ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 16–17.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 38.
- ↑ Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, p. 39; Bjerk 2017, p. 28.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 38; Bjerk 2017, p. 28.
- ↑ Molony 2014, p. 41.