Jump to content

Juyin Halitta na Mutum

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Juyin Halitta na Mutum
branch of anthropology (en) Fassara, academic discipline (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara, field of work (en) Fassara da evolutionary process (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naevolution (en) Fassara da paleoanthropology (en) Fassara
Fuskarmutum, evolution (en) Fassara, Homo (mul) Fassara da Hominina (mul) Fassara
Misali na phylogenic yana nuna (daga ƙasa dama) Homo erectus yana yadawa daga Afirka zuwa Eurasia kusan shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka gabata. Zuriyarsa H. heidelbergensis ta samo asali ne daga Denisovans, Neanderthals, da H. sapiens (mutane) kimanin shekaru 350,000 da suka gabata.

Homo sapiens wani nau'i ne na musamman na iyalin hominid na primates, wanda ya haɗa da dukkan manyan birai. A kan tarihin juyin halitta, mutane a hankali sun haɓaka halaye kamar bipedalism, dexterity, da kuma harshe mai rikitarwa. Mutanen zamani sun haɗuwa da mutane na dā, yana nuna cewa juyin halitta ba layi ba ne amma kamar yanar gizo. [1][2][3] Nazarin asalin mutane ya haɗa da fannoni da yawa na kimiyya, gami da ilimin ɗan adam na jiki da juyin halitta, ilmin lissafi, da kwayoyin halitta; an kuma san filin da kalmomin anthropogeny, anthropogenesis, da Anthropogony - tare da waɗannan biyun da ake amfani da su don komawa ga batun da ya shafi hominization.[4][5]

Primates sun rabu da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 85 da suka gabata, a cikin Late Cretaceous lokacin, tare da burbushin su na farko da suka bayyana sama da 55 mya<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwWQ">&nbsp;</span>, a lokacin Paleocene.[6] Primates sun samar da clades masu zuwa da ke haifar da superfamily, wanda ya haifar da hominid da iyalan gibbon; waɗannan sun rabu da kimanin 15-20 mya.  Hominids na Afirka da Asiya (ciki har da Orangutans) sun rabu game da 14 mya.  Hominins (ciki har da Australopithecine da Panina subtribes) sun rabu da kabilar Gorillini tsakanin 8 da 9 mya; Australopitecine (ciki ga kakannin mutane) sun rabu daga jinsin Pan (wanda ya ƙunshi chimpanzees da Bonobos) 4-7 mya.   An tabbatar da jinsin Homo ta bayyanar H. habilis sama da 2 mya, yayin da mutane na zamani suka fito a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata.[a]  Page Samfuri:TOC limit/styles.css has no content.

Kafin HomoMutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Juyin halitta na farko na primates

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin juyin halitta na primates za a iya gano su shekaru miliyan 65. [7] [8] [9][10][11] Bayanai game da asalin da farkon juyin halitta na primates duk da haka har yanzu ba a sani ba saboda karancin shaidar burbushin halittu. Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, Plesiadapis, ya fito ne daga Arewacin Amurka; [12] wani, Archicebus, ya fito daga China.[13] Sauran irin waɗannan dabbobi na farko sun haɗa da Altiatlasius da Algeripithecus, waɗanda aka samo a Arewacin Afirka.[14][15] Sauran irin wadannan primates sun bazu a Eurasia da Afirka a lokacin yanayin zafi na PalEocene da Eocene.

Notharctus tenebrosus, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amirka, New York

David R. Begun ya yi la'akari da cewa primates na farko sun bunƙasa da farko a Eurasia kuma cewa zuriyar da ke haifar da birai da mutane na Afirka, gami da Dryopithecus, sun yi ƙaura daga kudu daga Turai ko Yammacin Asiya zuwa Afirka.[16] Koyaya, an san kakannin da suka gabata na dabbobi irin su Altiatlasius sun zauna a nahiyar Afirka da yawa kafin Dryopithecus.[14]

Yawan mutanen da suka tsira a wurare masu zafi - wanda aka fi gani gaba ɗaya, a cikin Upper Eocene da ƙananan gadoji na burbushin Oligocene na bakin ciki na Faiyum kudu maso yammacin Alkahira, - ya haifar da dukkan nau'ikan dabbobi, gami da lemurs na Madagascar, lorises na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, galagos ko "bush jarirai" na Afirka, da kuma ga Anthropoids, waɗanda su ne Platyrrhines ko New World monkeys, Catarrhines ko Old World monkews, da manyan apinids, gami mutane da sauran hominids.

Katarrhine na farko da aka sani shine Kamoyapithecus daga mafi girman Oligocene a Eragaleit a arewacin Great Rift Valley a Kenya, wanda aka rubuta shekaru miliyan 24 da suka gabata.[17] Ana zaton kakanninta jinsunan da ke da alaƙa da Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus, da Parapithecus daga Faiyum, a kusa da 35 mya.[18] A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayyana Saadanius a matsayin dangi na kusa da kakannin gargajiya na ƙarshe na cututtukan kambin, kuma an ƙaddara shi zuwa 29-28 mya, yana taimakawa wajen cika gibin shekaru miliyan 11 a cikin rikodin burbushin halittu.[19] 

Ginin da aka sake gina shi ba tare da wutsiya ba

A farkon Miocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 22 da suka gabata, nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukani na asali daga Gabashin Afirka suna nuna dogon tarihi na bambancin da ya gabata.  Abubuwan burbushin da suka gabata a cikin shekaru miliyan 20 sun haɗa da raguwa da aka danganta ga Victoriapithecus, biri na farko na Tsohon Duniya.  Daga cikin jinsunan da ake zaton suna cikin zuriyar birai wanda ya kai shekaru miliyan 13 da suka gabata sune Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus Heliopithecus. 

Kasancewar wasu wadanda ba cercopithecids na Tsakiyar Miocene ba daga shafuka masu nisa, kamar Otavipithecus daga ajiyar kogo a Namibia, da Pierolapithecus da Dryopithecus daga Faransa, Spain da Austria, shaida ce ta nau'o'i daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka da tafkin Bahar Rum a lokacin mulkin yanayi mai dumi da daidaitawa na farkon da tsakiyar Miocene. Mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin hominoids na Miocene, Oreopithecus, ya fito ne daga gadajen kwal a Italiya waɗanda aka tsara su zuwa shekaru miliyan 9 da suka gabata. 

Superfamily na birai (hominoids) ya ƙunshi: ƙananan birai (ciki har da gibbons) da manyan birai (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans da mutane)

Shaidar kwayoyin halitta ta nuna cewa zuriyar gibbons ta rabu da layin manyan birai wasu 18-12 mya, kuma na orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) [lower-alpha 1] ya rabu da sauran manyan birai a kimanin shekaru miliyan 12; babu burbushin da ke rubuce-rubuce game da kakannin gibbons, wanda zai iya samo asali ne daga yawan mutanen da ba a sani ba a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, amma burbushin proto-orangutan na iya wakiltar Sivapcus daga Indiya da Griphopithecus daga Turkiyya, wanda aka tsara a kusa da 10 mya.[20]  

Hominidae subfamily Homininae (Afirka hominids) ya rabu da Ponginae (orangutans) game da 14 mya.  Hominins (ciki har da mutane da Australopithecine da ƙananan ƙabilar Panina) sun rabu da kabilar Gorillini (gorillas) tsakanin 8 da 9 mya; Australopitecine (ciki da tsoffin kakannin mutane) sun rabu daga jinsin Pan (wanda ya ƙunshi chimpanzees da bonobos) 4-7 mya.   An tabbatar da jinsin Homo ta bayyanar H. habilis  sama da 2 mya, yayin da mutane na zamani suka fito a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabatah.[a] 

  1. ↑ Rogers Ackermann, Rebecca; Mackay, Alex; Arnold, Michael L. (October 2015). "The Hybrid Origin of "Modern" Humans". Evolutionary Biology. 43 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11692-015-9348-1. S2CID 14329491.
  2. ↑ Antrosio, Jason (August 23, 2018). "Denisovans and Neandertals: Rethinking Species Boundaries,". Living Anthropologically. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ Heng, Henry H. Q. (May 2009). "The genome-centric concept: Resynthesis of evolutionary theory". BioEssays. 31 (5): 512–525. doi:10.1002/bies.200800182. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 19334004. S2CID 1336952.
  5. ↑ Marlowe, Frank W. (April 13, 2005). "Hunter-gatherers and human evolution". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 14 (2): 54–67. doi:10.1002/evan.20046. S2CID 53489209.
  6. ↑ Tyson, Peter (July 1, 2008). "Meet Your Ancestors". Nova ScienceNow. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Rui; Wang, Yin-Qiu; Su, Bing (July 2008). "Molecular Evolution of a Primate-Specific microRNA Family". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1493–1502. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn094. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 18417486.
  8. ↑ Willoughby, Pamela R. (2005). "Palaeoanthropology and the Evolutionary Place of Humans in Nature". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 18 (1): 60–91. doi:10.46867/IJCP.2005.18.01.02. ISSN 0889-3667. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  9. ↑ Tavaré, Simon; Marshall, Charles R.; Will, Oliver; et al. (April 18, 2002). "Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates". Nature. 416 (6882): 726–729. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..726T. doi:10.1038/416726a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11961552. S2CID 4368374.
  10. ↑ Maxwell 1984.
  11. ↑ Martin 2001.
  12. ↑ Rose, Kenneth D. (1994). "The earliest primates". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 3 (5): 159–173. doi:10.1002/evan.1360030505. ISSN 1060-1538. S2CID 85035753.
  13. ↑ Fleagle, John; Gilbert, Chris (2011). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.). "Primate Evolution". All The World's Primates. Primate Conservation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  14. 1 2 Williams, B. A.; Kay, R. F.; Kirk, E. C. (2010). "New perspectives on anthropoid origins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): 4797–4804. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4797W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908320107. PMC 2841917. PMID 20212104.
  15. ↑ Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. Bibcode:2009PBioS.276.4087T. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889.
  16. ↑ Kordos, László; Begun, David R. (January 2001). "Primates from Rudabánya: allocation of specimens to individuals, sex and age categories". Journal of Human Evolution. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 40 (1): 17–39. Bibcode:2001JHumE..40...17K. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0437. PMID 11139358.
  17. ↑ Cameron 2004.
  18. ↑ Wallace 2004.
  19. ↑ Zalmout, Iyad S.; Sanders, William J.; MacLatchy, Laura M.; et al. (July 15, 2010). "New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia and the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys". Nature. 466 (7304): 360–364. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..360Z. doi:10.1038/nature09094. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20631798. S2CID 205220837.
  20. ↑ Srivastava 2009.
  1. ↑ Not to be confused with Pongidae, an obsolete family which grouped together orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees to separate them from humans
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juyin_Halitta_na_Mutum&oldid=952033"