Juyin Juya Halin Haiti

Juyin Juya Halin Haiti

Iri	Juyin Juya Hali slave rebellion (en)
Bangare na	Atlantic Revolutions (en) , French Revolutionary Wars (en) da Latin American wars of independence (en)
Kwanan watan	1 ga Janairu, 1804
1804 Haitian massacre (en) →
Wuri	Saint-Domingue
Ƙasa	Saint-Domingue

Juyin Juyin Halitta ( French fr ko Guerre de l'indépendance ; Haitian Creole ) ya kasance nasara tada zaune tsaye daga bayi masu 'yantar da kansu kan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Saint-Domingue, yanzu mai mulkin mallaka na Haiti . Juyin juya hali shi ne kadai aka sani boren bawa a tarihin dan Adam wanda ya kai ga kafa kasar da dukkaninsu ba su da ‘yanci daga bauta (ko da yake ba daga aikin tilas ba ) kuma waɗanda ba farare ba ne da kuma waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su suka yi mulki.

Tawayen ya fara ne a ranar 22 ga Agusta 1791, kuma ya ƙare a cikin 1804 tare da 'yancin kai na tsohon mallaka. Ya ƙunshi baƙi, ɗan ƙabila, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Birtaniya, da kuma Poland mahalarta - tare da tsohon bawa Toussaint Louverture wanda ya fito a matsayin babban janar na Haiti. nasarar juyin juya hali wani lokaci ne mai ma'ana a cikin tarihin Duniyar Atlantika kuma an ji tasirin juyin juya halin a kan cibiyar bauta a duk faɗin Amurka. Ƙarshen mulkin Faransa da kuma kawar da bautar da aka yi a cikin tsohon mulkin mallaka ya biyo bayan nasarar nasarar kare 'yancin da tsoffin bayi suka samu, tare da haɗin gwiwar mutanen da suka riga sun sami 'yanci, na 'yancin kai daga turawa farar fata.

Juyin Juyin Juyin Juya Halin shine mafi girman boren bawa tun bayan da Spartacus ya yi rashin nasara a kan Jamhuriyar Romawa kusan shekaru 1,900 da suka gabata, kuma ya kalubalanci imanin Turawa da aka dade ana yi game da zargin rashin bakar fata da kuma game da ikon bayi na cimmawa da kiyaye nasu 'yanci. Ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin ’yan tawayen da tsayin daka a ƙarƙashin matsi sun ƙarfafa labarun da suka firgita da tsoratar da masu bayi a duniya.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran juyin juya halin Atlantika, abubuwan da suka faru a Haiti sun sami kulawar jama'a kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da baya: masanin tarihi Michel-Rolph Trouillot ya kwatanta tarihin juyin juya halin Haiti a matsayin "yin shiru" ta hanyar juyin juya halin Faransa .

Fage

Tattalin arzikin bayi a Saint-Domingue

Yawancin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Caribbean a cikin karni na 18 ya dogara ne akan bukatar turawa na sukari . Masu tsire-tsire suna samar da sukari a matsayin amfanin gona na kayayyaki daga noman rake, wanda ke buƙatar aiki mai yawa. Gidan mallaka na Saint-Domingue kuma yana da kofi mai yawa, koko, da gonakin indigo, amma waɗannan sun kasance ƙanƙanta da ƙarancin riba fiye da shukar sukari. An sayar da amfanin gonakin kayayyakin amfanin gonakin na Turawa.

Tun daga shekarun 1730, injiniyoyin Faransa sun gina hadadden tsarin ban ruwa don ƙara yawan rake. A cikin 1740s, Saint-Domingue, tare da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Jamaica, sun zama manyan masu samar da sukari a duniya. Samar da sukari ya dogara ne da yawan aikin hannu da ƴan Afirka bayi da suka samar. Matsakaicin jiragen ruwa 600 da ke aiki a kowace shekara a cikin jigilar kayayyaki daga Saint-Domingue zuwa Bordeaux, kuma ƙimar amfanin gona da kayan mulkin mallaka ya kusan daidai da ƙimar duk samfuran da aka jigilar daga Turawan Mulki goma sha uku zuwa Burtaniya. Rayuwar mutane miliyan 1 na kusan mutane miliyan 25 da suka rayu a Faransa a 1789 sun dogara kai tsaye kan shigo da noma daga Saint-Domingue, kuma a kaikaice miliyoyin mutane sun dogara da kasuwanci daga mulkin mallaka don kiyaye matsayin rayuwarsu. Saint-Domingue shi ne mafi girman riba ga Faransanci a duniya, haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi fa'ida a cikin dukkan ƙasashen turai a ƙarni na 18.

Bauta ta ci gaba da samar da sukari a cikin yanayi mai tsanani; cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro (wanda aka kawo daga Afirka) da zazzabin rawaya sun haifar da mace-mace, suna bunƙasa a yanayin yanayi na Caribbean. A cikin 1787 kadai, an kwashe kusan bayi 20,000 daga Afirka zuwa Saint-Domingue, idan aka kwatanta da kusan bayi 38,000 da aka shigo da su zuwa Indies na Yammacin Burtaniya . Yawan mace-mace daga zazzabin rawaya ya kasance cewa aƙalla kashi 50% na bayi daga Afirka sun mutu a cikin shekara guda da isowa, don haka yayin da masu shuka farar fata suka gwammace su yi wa bayinsu aiki tuƙuru, suna ba su ƙarancin abinci da matsuguni kawai, sun ƙididdige cewa yana da kyau a sami mafi yawan aiki daga bayinsu tare da mafi ƙarancin kuɗi mai yiwuwa, tunda wataƙila za su mutu da zazzabin rawaya ta wata hanya. Yawan mace-mace ya yi yawa har polyandry — mace ɗaya da ke auri maza da yawa a lokaci guda—ya zama nau'in aure na gama gari tsakanin bayi. Da yake bayi ba su da haƙƙin doka, fyade da masu shuka, ’ya’yansu maza da ba su yi aure ba, ko kuma masu kula da su ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a gonakin.

Alkaluma

Mafi yawan gonakin sukari da yawan bayi sun kasance a arewacin tsibirin, kuma fararen fata suna rayuwa cikin tsoron tawayen bayi . Ko da bisa ka'idodin Caribbean, ma'aikatan bayi na Faransa sun kasance masu zalunci sosai wajen mu'amala da bayi. Sun yi amfani da barazana da ayyukan tashin hankali na jiki don kiyaye iko da murkushe ƙoƙarin tawaye. Lokacin da bayi suka bar gonaki ko suka yi rashin biyayya ga iyayengijinsu, ana yi musu bulala ko kuma gallazawa mai tsanani kamar jifa ko konewa, hukuncin ya zama darasi na sirri da kuma gargaɗi ga sauran bayi. Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa ya zartar da Code Noir a shekara ta 1685 a yunƙurin daidaita irin wannan tashin hankali da kuma kula da bayi gaba ɗaya a cikin mulkin mallaka, amma masters a bayyane kuma akai-akai suna karya ka'idar. A cikin karni na 18, dokokin gida sun sauya sassanta.

A shekara ta 1758, masu shukar sun fara zartar da doka da ke tauye haƙƙin sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a har sai da aka ayyana tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi . Yawancin masana tarihi sun kasa mutanen zamanin zuwa rukuni uku:

Rukunin farko sun kasance fararen fata, ko les blancs . An raba wannan rukunin gabaɗaya zuwa masu gonaki da ƙananan fararen fata waɗanda galibi suna aiki a matsayin masu kula ko masu aikin yini, da masu sana'a da masu shaguna.

Rukuni na biyu sun kasance 'yantattun mutane masu launi, ko gens de couleur libres, waɗanda galibi ana haɗa su da launin fata (wani lokaci ana kiran su mulattoes ), kasancewarsu na Afirka da Faransanci. Waɗannan gens de couleur sun kasance masu ilimi da ilimi, kuma mazan sukan yi aikin soja ko kuma masu kula da shuka. Da yawa ’ya’yan masu shuka fari ne da uwayen bayi, ko kuma mata masu ’yanci. Wasu kuma sun sayi ’yancinsu daga masu mallakarsu ta hanyar sayar da kayan amfanin nasu ko ayyukan fasaha. Sau da yawa suna samun ilimi ko horar da sana'a, wani lokaci kuma suna gadon 'yanci ko dukiya daga ubanninsu. Wasu gens de couleur sun mallaki kuma suna sarrafa nasu shuka kuma sun zama masu bauta.

Kashi na uku, wanda ya zarce sauran da kashi goma zuwa daya, yawancin bayi ne haifaffen Afrika. Yawan mace-mace a tsakanin su yana nufin cewa masu shukar suna ci gaba da shigo da sabbin bayi. Wannan ya sa al'adunsu sun fi Afirka kuma sun bambanta da sauran mutane a tsibirin. Yawancin shuke-shuke suna da yawan bayi daga wani yanki na Afirka, don haka yana da ɗan sauƙi ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su kula da abubuwan al'adu, addini, da harshe. Wannan kuma ya raba sabbin bayi daga Afirka daga ƴan ta'adda (bayi da aka haifa a cikin mulkin mallaka), waɗanda suka riga sun sami hanyoyin sadarwa na dangi kuma galibi suna da manyan ayyuka a kan shuka da ƙarin damar samun 'yanci. Yawancin bayi sun yi magana da patois na harshen Faransanci da aka sani da Haitian Creole, wanda kuma aka yi amfani da shi daga tsibirin mulattoes da fararen fata don sadarwa tare da ma'aikata.

Galibin bayin Yarabawa ne daga kasar Najeriya ta yanzu, Fon daga kasar Benin a yanzu, da Kongo daga Masarautar Kongo a yankin arewacin Angola da yammacin Kongo . Kongolese a kashi 40% su ne mafi girma na kabilun Afirka da ke wakiltar bayi. Bayin sun ɓullo da nasu addinin, wani syncretic cakuda Katolika da kuma yammacin Afirka addinai da aka sani da Vodou, yawanci ake kira "voodoo" a Turanci. Wannan tsarin imani ya ki amincewa da matsayin mutanen Afirka a fakaice a matsayin bayi.

Rikicin zamantakewa

Saint-Domingue al'umma ce mai tsananin ƙiyayya, tare da turawan mulkin mallaka da baƙar fata a kai a kai suna shiga cikin tashin hankali. Masanin tarihin Faransa Paul Fregosi ya rubuta:   Yawancin waɗannan rikice-rikice sun haɗa da bayi waɗanda suka tsere daga gonakin. Bayi da yawa da suka gudu—wanda ake kira maroon—sun ɓoye a gefen manyan gonaki, suna zaune a ƙasa da abin da za su iya sata daga iyayen iyayensu na dā. Wasu kuma sun gudu zuwa garuruwa, don cuɗanya da bayin birni da kuma ’yantar da baƙar fata waɗanda sukan yi ƙaura zuwa wuraren aiki. Idan aka kama waɗannan bayi da suka gudu za a hukunta su mai tsanani da mugun nufi. Duk da haka, wasu masters sun jure wa ƙanƙara marronages, ko rashi na ɗan lokaci daga shuka, sanin waɗannan an yarda da sakin tashin hankali.

Manya-manyan ƙungiyoyin bayi da suka gudu waɗanda ke zaune a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunin da ke nesa da farar fata sukan kai farmakin tashin hankali a wuraren noman sukari da kofi na tsibirin. Kodayake lambobin da ke cikin waɗannan rukunin sun girma (wani lokaci zuwa dubbai), gabaɗaya sun rasa jagoranci da dabarun cimma manyan manufofi. Shugaban maroon na farko da ya fito shi ne firist na Haiti Vodou François Mackandal mai kwarjini, wanda ya zaburar da mutanensa ta hanyar zana al'adu da addinan Afirka. Ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyin maroon kuma ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa na ƙungiyoyin asiri tsakanin bayin shuka, wanda ya jagoranci tawaye daga 1751 zuwa 1757. Kodayake Faransawa sun kama Mackandal kuma sun kone su a kan gungumen azaba a 1758, manyan makada masu dauke da makamai sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare da cin zarafi bayan mutuwarsa.

Bauta a Tunanin Haskakawa

Marubucin Faransa Guillaume Raynal ya kai hari kan bauta a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Ya yi gargadin, "'yan Afirka suna son shugaba ne kawai, mai cikakken jaruntaka, wanda zai jagorance su zuwa ga daukar fansa da kisa." Falsafar Haskakawa ta Raynal ta zurfafa fiye da hasashe kuma ta nuna irin falsafancin irin wannan, gami da na Rousseau da Diderot . An rubuta gargaɗin Raynal shekaru goma sha uku kafin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa, wanda ya nuna 'yanci da 'yanci amma bai kawar da bautar ba.

Hoton Jean-Baptiste Belley na Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, 1797

Baya ga tasirin Raynal, Toussaint Louverture, baƙar fata mai kyauta wanda ya saba da ra'ayoyin haske a cikin mahallin mulkin mallaka na Turai, zai zama mabuɗin "wasan kwaikwayo mai haske" a cikin juyin juya halin Haiti. Tunani mai haske ya raba duniya zuwa "shugabanni masu wayewa" da "jahilai marasa ilimi." Louverture ya nemi ya daidaita wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin mashahuran jama'a da kuma 'yan kaɗan masu haske ta hanyar daidaita daidaito tsakanin tunanin Yammacin Yamma a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don samun 'yanci, kuma ba yada ra'ayin cewa yana da halin kirki fiye da kwarewa da ilimin mutane masu launi a kan Saint-Domingue. Louverture ya rubuta kundin tsarin mulki don sabuwar al'umma a Saint-Domingue wanda ya kawar da bautar . Kasancewar bauta a cikin al'umma masu wayewa, rashin jituwa ce da malaman Turai suka bari kafin juyin juya halin Faransa . Louverture ya ɗauki wannan rashin daidaituwa kai tsaye a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsa. Bugu da kari, ya baje kolin alaka da malaman Fadakarwa ta hanyar salo, harshe, and accent of this text. 

Kamar Louverture, Jean-Baptiste Belley ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin tawaye. Hoton Belley ta Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson ya nuna mutumin da ya ƙunshi ra'ayin Faransanci game da mazaunanta, yana haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi tsakanin gyaran tunani na haskakawa da gaskiyar halin da ake ciki a Saint-Domingue, ta hanyar bust na Raynal da siffar Belley, bi da bi. Yayin da aka bambanta, hoton har yanzu yana nuna mutumin da ke cikin kabilanci. Hoton Girodet na tsohon mataimakin babban taron kasa yana ba da labarin ra'ayin Faransanci na 'yan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar jaddada jima'i na batun da kuma hada da dan kunne. Duk waɗannan alamomin da ke nuna wariyar launin fata suna nuna sha'awar lalata yunƙurin mulkin mallaka na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƴan ƙasar, saboda ƴan ƙasar mazauna yankin ba su sami damar shiga jiga-jigan jiga-jigan masu juyin juya halin Faransa ba saboda launin fata.

Halin da ake ciki a 1789

Social stratification

A cikin 1789, Saint-Domingue ya samar da kashi 60% na kofi na duniya da kashi 40% na sukarin da Faransa da Burtaniya suka shigo da su. Mulkin ba wai kawai mallakar daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ce mafi riba ba, amma ita ce mafi arziƙi da wadata a yankin Caribbean.

Fararen mulkin mallaka sun kai 40,000; mulatto da baƙar fata kyauta, 28,000; da kuma bakaken bayi, kimanin 452,000. Wannan shi ne kusan rabin adadin bayi a yankin Caribbean, wanda aka ƙiyasta miliyan ɗaya a wannan shekarar. Baƙaƙen bauta, waɗanda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka, sun fi fararen fata da 'yantattun launin fata da tazarar kusan takwas zuwa ɗaya.

Kashi biyu bisa uku na bayi an haife su ne daga Afirka, kuma sun kasance sun kasance marasa biyayya fiye da waɗanda aka haifa a Amurka kuma suka girma a cikin ƙungiyoyin bayi. Yawan mace-mace a cikin Caribbean ya zarce adadin haihuwa, don haka shigo da bayi na Afirka ya zama dole don kula da adadin da ake buƙata don yin aikin gonakin. Yawan bayi ya ragu da kashi biyu zuwa biyar a shekara, saboda yawan aiki, rashin isassun abinci da matsuguni, rashin isassun tufafi da kula da lafiya, da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da maza fiye da mata. Wasu bayi sun kasance daga cikin manyan bayi na birni da na gida, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu dafa abinci, bayi da masu sana'a a kusa da gidan shuka. An haifi wannan ajin gata ne a nahiyar Amirka, yayin da ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa da aka haifa a Afirka suka yi aiki tuƙuru, kuma sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na cin zarafi da rashin tausayi.

Daga cikin turawan mulkin mallaka 40,000 na Saint-Domingue, Faransawan da aka haifa a Turai sun mamaye mukaman gudanarwa. Masu shuka sukari, ko manyan manya (a zahiri, "manyan farare"), manyan ƴan aristocrat ne. Yawancinsu sun dawo Faransa da wuri-wuri, suna fatan gujewa mummunan zazzabin rawaya, wanda ke mamaye yankin a kai a kai. Fararen ƙanƙanta, ƙanƙara blancs (a zahiri "ƙananan farare"), sun haɗa da masu sana'a, masu shaguna, dillalan bayi, masu kula, da masu aikin yini.

Mutanen Saint-Domingue masu kyauta masu launi, ko gens de couleur libres, sun kai fiye da 28,000. A wannan lokacin, dokokin mulkin mallaka, waɗanda suka shafi wannan girma da ƙarfafa yawan jama'a, sun zartar da dokokin wariyar launin fata da ke buƙatar waɗannan ƴancin su sanya tufafi na musamman da kuma iyakance inda za su zauna. Wadannan dokokin sun kuma hana su mamaye ofisoshin gwamnati da dama. ’Yancin da yawa ma masu sana’a ne da masu kula, ko kuma bayin gida a gidajen shuka. Le Cap Français (Le Cap), tashar jiragen ruwa ta arewa, tana da yawan jama'a masu 'yanci masu launi, gami da ƴantattun bayi. Waɗannan mutanen za su zama jagorori masu muhimmanci a tawayen bayi da kuma juyin juya hali daga baya.

Rikicin yanki

Lardin Arewa ta Saint-Domingue ita ce cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki da kasuwanci, kuma tana da mafi yawan al'ummar kakanni . Plaine-du-Nord dake arewacin gabar tekun Saint-Domingue shine yanki mafi albarka, yana da mafi yawan gonakin sukari don haka ya fi bayi. Ya kasance yanki mafi girman mahimmancin tattalin arziki, musamman yadda yawancin kasuwancin da mulkin mallaka ke bi ta wadannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a ita ce Le Cap, tsohon babban birnin Saint-Domingue. ’Yan Afirka da aka bautar da su a wannan yanki suna zaune a cikin gungun ma’aikata da yawa a cikin keɓantacce, waɗanda ke raba su da sauran mazauna yankin da babban dutsen da aka sani da Massif du Nord .

Lardin Yamma, ya yi girma sosai bayan da aka ƙaura babban birnin mulkin mallaka zuwa Port-au-Prince a shekara ta 1751, inda ya zama mai arziki a rabin na biyu na karni na 18. Lardin Kudanci ya yi kasa a cikin yawan jama'a da arziki saboda an raba shi da sauran yankunan da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi. Duk da haka, wannan keɓewar ya ba da damar ’yantattun bayi su sami riba a kasuwanci da Jamaica, kuma sun sami iko da wadata a nan. Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula na yankuna, an sami sabani tsakanin masu goyon bayan ’yancin kai, waɗanda ke biyayya ga Faransa, da kuma ƙawayen Biritaniya da Spain —waɗanda suka yi marmarin iko da mulkin mallaka mai daraja.

Tasirin juyin juya halin Faransa

Bayan kafa Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Faransa, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta yi canje-canje ga dokokin Faransa kuma, a ranar 26 ga Agusta 1789, ta buga Sanarwar 'yancin Dan Adam da na Jama'a, ta bayyana dukan mazaje masu 'yanci da daidaito. Sanarwar ta kasance cikin shakku game da ko wannan daidaiton ya shafi mata, bayi, ko ƴan ƙasa na mallaka, don haka ya rinjayi sha'awar 'yanci da daidaito a Saint-Domingue. Masu shukar farar fata suna ganin wata dama ce ta samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, wanda hakan zai ba su damar mamaye tsibirin da kuma samar da ka'idojin kasuwanci da za su ci gaba da samun wadata da karfinsu. Duk da haka, cikin sauri juyin juya halin Haiti ya zama gwaji na sabuwar jamhuriyar Faransa, yayin da ya tayar da tambayar bautar da kuma tilasta shugabannin Faransa su gane cikakkiyar ma'anar akidarsu.

Al'ummar Afirka da ke tsibirin sun fara jin takun-saka na neman 'yancin kai da masu shukar suka yi, wadanda suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan iyakokin kasar Faransa kan cinikin waje na tsibirin. ‘Yan Afirka galibi suna kawance da ‘ yan sarautu da ’yan Birtaniyya, domin sun fahimci cewa, idan ’yancin kai na Saint-Domingue ya kasance karkashin jagorancin farar fata ’yan baranda, to tabbas hakan yana nufin ma’ana mai tsanani da rashin adalci ga al’ummar Afirka. Masu shukar za su sami yancin yin bautar kamar yadda suka ga dama ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙima ga takwarorinsu na Faransa ba.

Saint-Domingue's free people of color, mafi musamman Julien Raimond, sun kasance rayayye roko ga Faransa don cikakken daidaici farar fata tun 1780s. Raimond ya yi amfani da juyin juya halin Faransa ya mai da wannan babban batu na mulkin mallaka a gaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa. A cikin Oktoba 1790, wani mai arziki mai 'yanci mai launi, Vincent Ogé, ya bukaci ' yancin yin zabe a karkashin Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam da na Jama'a. Lokacin da gwamnan mulkin mallaka ya ki amincewa, Ogé ya jagoranci wani ɗan gajeren tawaye na mutum 300 a yankin da ke kusa da Le Cap, yana fafutukar kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a yankin. An kama shi a farkon shekara ta 1791, kuma an kashe shi da wulakanci ta hanyar “karye a kan dabaran ” kafin a fille kansa. Yayin da Ogé ba ya yaƙi da bauta, daga baya ‘yan tawayen bayi sun ambata yadda ya yi masa magani a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka yanke shawarar tashi a watan Agustan 1791 da kuma adawa da yarjejeniyoyin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi. Rikicin har ya zuwa wannan lokaci ya kasance tsakanin bangarorin fararen fata, da kuma tsakanin fararen fata da bakar fata masu ‘yanci. Bakaken bayi suna kallo daga gefe.

Jagoran marubucin Faransa na ƙarni na 18 Count Mirabeau ya taɓa cewa farar Saint-Domingue "sun yi barci a gindin Vesuvius ", suna nuna babbar barazanar da suka fuskanta idan yawancin bayi suka fara tayar da hankali mai dorewa.

Jagorancin Louverture

Janar Toussaint Louverture

Toussaint Louverture

Toussaint Louverture, ko da yake tsohon bawa na gida ne mai ilimin kansa, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin baƙar fata. Kamar Jean François da Biassou, da farko ya yi yaƙi don kambi na Mutanen Espanya. Bayan da Birtaniya ta mamaye Saint-Domingue, Louverture ya yanke shawarar yin yaki ga Faransanci idan sun yarda su 'yantar da dukan bayi. Sonthonax ya yi shelar kawo ƙarshen bauta a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1792. Louverture ya yi aiki tare da Janar na Faransa, Étienne Laveaux, don tabbatar da cewa za a 'yantar da dukan bayi. Louverture ya watsar da sojojin Spain a gabas kuma ya kawo sojojinsa zuwa bangaren Faransa a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1794 bayan Mutanen Espanya sun ki daukar matakan kawo karshen bauta.

A karkashin jagorancin soja na Toussaint, tsoffin bayi sun yi nasara wajen cin nasara daga Birtaniya kuma sun kori sojojin Spain. A ƙarshe, Toussaint da gaske ya dawo da ikon Saint-Domingue zuwa Faransa. Bayan ya mai da kansa shugaban tsibirin, duk da haka, Toussaint ba ya so ya mika wuya ga Faransa. Ya fara mulkin kasar a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa yadda ya kamata. Louverture ya ci nasara a jerin abokan hamayya na gida, ciki har da: Kwamishinan Sonthonax, wani bature farar fata wanda ya sami goyon baya daga Haiti da yawa, wanda ya fusata Louverture; André Rigaud, mutum ne mai 'yanci wanda ya yi yaƙi don ci gaba da kula da Kudu a yakin Kudu ; da Comte d'Hédouville, wanda ya tilasta wani m wedge tsakanin Rigaud da Louverture kafin ya tsere zuwa Faransa. Louverture ya jagoranci mamaye makwabciyar Santo Domingo (Disamba 1800), kuma ya 'yantar da bayi a can ranar 3 ga Janairu 1801.

A cikin 1801, Louverture ya ba da kundin tsarin mulki don Saint-Domingue wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa zai zama gwamna-for-rai kuma ya yi kira ga baƙar fata 'yancin kai da kuma ƙasa mai mulkin mallaka. A martanin da ya mayar, Napoleon Bonaparte ya aike da wata babbar runduna ta sojojin Faransa da jiragen ruwa na yaki zuwa tsibirin, karkashin jagorancin surukin Bonaparte Charles Leclerc, don maido da mulkin Faransa. Suna ƙarƙashin umarnin asirce don a maido da bautar, aƙalla a yankin da Mutanen Espanya ke rike da su a da. Bonaparte ya ba da umarnin a kula da Toussaint da girmamawa har sai an kafa sojojin Faransa; da zarar an yi haka, za a gayyaci Toussaint zuwa Le Cap kuma a kama shi; idan ya kasa nunawa, Leclerc zai yi "yaki har mutuwa" ba tare da jinƙai ba kuma duk mabiyan Toussaint za a harbe su lokacin da aka kama su. Da zarar an gama hakan, za a maido da bautar a ƙarshe. Sojojin Faransa da yawa sun samu rakiyar sojojin mulatto karkashin jagorancin Alexandre Pétion da André Rigaud, shugabannin mulatto wadanda Toussaint ya ci nasara a shekaru uku da suka gabata.