Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a

Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a

Iri	public holiday (en)
Rana	August 20 (en)
Ƙasa	Moroko

Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a (, Thawrat al-Malik wal-Sha'ab) wani yunkuri ne na ƴanci na ƙasa na Maroko mai adawa da mulkin mallaka tare da burin kawo ƙarshen masu kariya na Faransa da Spain a Maroko don tserewa daga mulkin mallaka. Sunan yana nufin daidaitawa tsakanin masarautar Maroko Sultan Mohammed V da kuma shahararren Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Maroko a ƙoƙarin da suke yi na adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma samun 'yancin kai, musamman bayan da hukumomin Faransa suka tilasta Sultan Mohammed V zuwa gudun hijira a ranar 20 ga Agustan shekarar 1953 (Eid al-Adha). 20 ga watan Agusta an dauke shi hutu ne na kasa a Maroko, don tunawa da juyin juya halin Sarki da Jama'a. Bayan Morocco ta sake samun 'yancin kai daga Faransanci, motsi ya daina wanzuwa, yayin da Sultan ya sami nasarar karɓar iko da jihar. A halin yanzu, an juya Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Maroko zuwa jam'iyyar adawa.

Yanayi

Bayan harin bam na Faransa a Casablanca da cin nasarar Maroko, Yarjejeniyar Fes ta shekarar 1912 ta sanya Maroko a matsayin mai kare Faransa. Kodayake aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka ya faru a duk lokacin da Faransa ke ƙarewa a kan Maroko, yana nuna kansa a cikin ayyukan kamar Rif War da Spain, yana shirya don mayar da martani ga 1930 Berber Dahir, da kuma kafa Kwamitin Ayyukan Maroko a 1933. Ayyukan adawa da mulkin mallaka sun karu bayan Allies sun gudanar da Casablanca_Conference" id="mwQA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Casablanca Conference">Taron Anfa a Casablanca a watan Janairun 1943, tare da ƙarfafawa ga 'yancin Maroko daga Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt . Yakin Maroko don samun ƴancin kai ya zama na duniya, tare da masu kishin kasa da ke kirkirar cibiyar sadarwa ta magoya bayan ƙasa da ƙasa da suka mamaye nahiyoyi, suna taimakawa wajen halatta kiran neman' yancin kai a duk faɗin ra'ayin jama'a na duniya. An kirkiro Jam'iyyar Istiqlal a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943, kuma ta ba da Sanarwar 'yancin kai na Maroko a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1944.

Magana ta Tangier

Bayan da hukumomin Faransa suka kasa a yunkurin su na rushe tafiyarsa tare da kisan kiyashi na Casablanca na shekarar 1947, Mohammed V ya yi magana yana neman ƴancin Maroko a karo na farko a cikin tafiya ta tarihi da alama zuwa Yankin Duniya na Tangier, inda ya gabatar da jawabin Tangier na 9 ga Afrilu 1947. A cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Susan Gilson Miller:

"Muhammad V mai jin kunya kuma mai ritaya ya tashi kamar zaki don saduwa da makomarsa ta tarihi. A cikin jawabin lantarki da aka yi a Tangier a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1947, sultan - wanda bai taɓa yin wata kalma da za ta iya ba da shawarar cewa zai kauce daga manufofin Protectorate - ya yaba da tafiya zuwa ga 'haɗin kai' na Maroko kuma ya tabbatar da imaninsa a cikin 'Arabo-Islama' ƙasar ƙasar, a fili yana rarraba sarari mai faɗi tsakanin kansa da Residency.

Matsi mai girma

Kisan gillar dan ƙungiyar kwadago ta Tunisia Farhat Hached da La Main Rouge, bangaren masu fafutuka na sirri na leken asirin ƙasashen waje na Faransa, ya haifar da zanga-zanga a birane a duniya da tashin hankali a Casablanca, musamman a cikin karkara Carrières Centrales (yanzu Hay Mohammadi), daga 7-8 Disamba 1952. Kimanin mutane 100 ne aka kashe. Wadannan zanga-zangar sun sami rinjaye sosai daga babbar hanyar tallafi ta kasa da kasa da 'yan kasar Morocco suka gina. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta haɗa da jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'ai na leken asiri waɗanda suka ba da bayanai da tallafi na dabarun, suna tasiri ga ra'ayoyin cikin gida da na duniya game da yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Maroko.

Gudanar da Muhammadu na V

A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1953 (Eid al-Adha), an kori Mohammed V kuma an tura shi gudun hijira, da farko zuwa Corsica, sannan zuwa Madagascar. Abubuwan da suka faru da ke kewaye da gudun hijira sun kasance alama ce ta manyan martani na kasa da kasa, musamman daga Amurka da Faransa, inda ra'ayoyin jama'a da na diflomasiyya suka rinjayi goyon bayan da 'yan kasar Morocco suka samu a duniya. Ikklisiyoyin Katolika da Furotesta sun tsaya cikin hadin kai tare da mutanen Maroko da mutane kamar Albert Peyriguère sun yi tir da rashin adalci da hukumomin Faransa suka yi.

=l Tsayayya da makamai

Bayan gudun hijirar sultan, shahararren juriya ya zama mafi tsananin tashin hankali. A ranar 11 ga Satumban shekarar 1953, Allal ben Abdallah ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Mohammed Ben Aarafa, wanda Faransanci suka sanya shi a matsayin sarki. A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1953 (Kirsimeti Hauwa'u) ɗan ƙasar Morocco Muhammad Zarqtuni ya jefa bam a Kasuwar Tsakiya ta Casablanca, wanda masu mulkin mallaka na Turai ke yawan zuwa.

Juriya ta mulkin mallaka ba ta keɓanta ga jam'iyyar bourgeois Istiklal ko sel sirrin birni na Moroccan Nationalist Movement ; a cikin 1955, mayakan gwagwarmaya na Amazigh sun shirya wani hari kan Turawa da ke zaune a Oued Zem da Khuribga . Faransa ta mayar da martani da jiragen sama, tankunan yaki, da sojojin kasa, inda ta kawo wasu daga Indochina na Faransa . A bin misalin kungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta Aljeriya (FLN), kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Moroko ta kirkiro wata runduna ta 'yan ta'adda, sojojin Moroko na 'yanci ( Arabic ), wata rundunar soji karkashin jagorancin Abbas Messaadi a arewacin Maroko a watan Oktobar 1955.

Ƴancin kai

A karkashin matsin lamba kuma sun rasa iko da kasar, hukumomin Faransa sun cire Ben Arafa kuma an tilasta musu yin shawarwari tare da Sultan da ke gudun hijira. Tattaunawar a Taron Aix-les-Bains tare da "wakilan ra'ayin jama'ar Maroko" ya faru ne a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1955, amma waɗannan ba su da tasiri sosai. An ci gaba da tattaunawa a Antsirabe a watan Satumba. A watan Oktoba, an yi wani shiri wanda ya hada da "Throne Council" na wucin gadi na masu goyon bayan Faransa, kamar Muhammad al-Muqri, amma wannan ra'ayin nan da nan ne Jam'iyyar Istiqlal da ra'ayi gaba ɗaya a titunan Maroko suka ƙi shi.

Daga Paris, Mohammed V ya yi jawabi ga Maroko, yana alkawarin sake fasalin da za su kawo kasar zuwa ga "jiha ta dimokuradiyya da ta dogara da mulkin mallaka". Musulmai sun taru a masallatai a ranar Jumma'a mai zuwa don jin wa'azin Jumma'ar Mohammed V, yayin da majalisar malamai ta Maroko ta taru a Rabat kuma ta ba da sanarwar farin ciki.

A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1955, Mohammed V ya isa Maroko. Ya sanar da ƙarshen kariya ta Faransa, kuma ta hanyar wakili, ƙarshen "ƙananan jihadi" (Arabic: ), wanda ya danganta da samun 'yancin kai. A lokaci guda, ya sanar da farkon "babban jihadi" (Arabic: ), wanda aka yi niyya ne don gina sabuwar Morocco. Tattaunawar tsakanin Faransa da Maroko ta ci gaba a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 1956, tare da tsohon ya ba da shawarar cewa Maroko ta zama "jiha mai zaman kanta da ke da alaƙa da Faransa ta hanyar dindindin na dogaro da juna," yayin da ƙarshen ya tura don soke Yarjejeniyar Fes ta 1912. An sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Franco-Moroccan a ranar 2 ga Maris 1956, kodayake kimanin sojojin Faransa 100,000 sun kasance a ƙasar Morocco a lokacin.

Spain ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Morocco a watan Afrilun 1956 don barin Yankin arewa, amma ba ta janye dakarunta daga Tarfaya da Sidi Ifni a cikin Sahara ba har tsawon shekaru 20, yayin da Ceuta da Melilla suka kasance a hannun Mutanen Espanya har zuwa yau.

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1956, an shirya taron kasa da kasa a Fedala don gudanar da maido da Tangier.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai

Bayan dan lokaci da samun ƴancin kai a shekara ta 1956, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Mohammed V da Ƙungiyar Ƴan Gwagwarmayar Ƴancin Maroko ta fara rugujewa. Gibin iko da ya biyo bayan ficewar gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka ya fi maye gurbinsa ne da Sarki, yayin da Kungiyar 'Yan Gwagwarmaya ta koma sahun adawa. Sarki ya samu nasarar karbe iko ta hanyar janyo wasu muhimman shugabanni daga cikin Kungiyar 'Yan Gwagwarmaya da kuma cibiyarta ta kasa da kasa.

Ranar Tunawa da Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a rana ce ta hutu a kasa baki ɗaya a Maroko. Wannan rana ce daga cikin ranakun da Sarkin Maroko ke gabatar da jawabi ta gidan talabijin tare da bayar da afuwa. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2023, an sanar da cewa Sarki Mohammed VI ba zai gabatar da jawabi ga kasa ba a waccan shekarar.

Shay Hazkani ya bayyana gwagwarmayar Yahudawan Maroko da wariyar launin fata daga Ashkenazi a Isra'ila wadda ta kai ga tarzomar Wadi Salib a matsayin ci gaba da tasirin ra'ayin juyin juya hali da suka rika gudanarwa lokacin gwagwarmayar kawar da mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Maroko.