Juyin juya halin fasaha

 

Wani gatari da aka yi da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Zamanin ƙarfe na Sweden, wanda aka samo a Gotland, Sweden: Iron - a matsayin sabon abu - ya fara juyin juya hali mai ban mamaki a fasaha, tattalin arziki, al'umma, yaƙi da siyasa.

Juyin juya halin fasaha
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Juyin Juya Hali

juyin juya halin fasahar shine lokacin da aka maye gurbin fasaha ɗaya ko fiye da wani sabon fasaha a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Lokaci ne na saurin ci gaban fasaha wanda ke nuna sababbin abubuwa waɗanda aikace-aikace saurin yaduwa ke haifar da canji na kwatsam a cikin al'umma.

Bayyanawa

Spinning Jenny da Spinning Mule (wanda aka nuna) sun kara yawan amfanin masana'antar zaren idan aka kwatanta da motar juyawa.

injin tururi na Watt - injin tururi, wanda aka fi amfani da shi ta hanyar kwal, ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu a Biritaniya da duniya.

IBM Personal Computer XT a cikin 1988 - kwamfutocin mutum sune sabon abu wanda ya canza rayuwar sana'a da rayuwar mutum.

Juyin juya halin fasaha na iya haɗawa da canje-canje na kayan aiki ko akidar da aka haifar da gabatar da na'urar ko tsarin. Yana iya tasiri ga gudanar da kasuwanci, ilimi, hulɗar zamantakewa, kudi da hanyar bincike, kuma ba'a iyakance shi ga fannoni na fasaha ba. An nuna shi don kara yawan aiki da inganci. Juyin juya halin fasaha sau da yawa yana canza yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam kuma an ga shi don sake fasalin al'ada.

Ana iya rarrabe juyin juya halin fasaha daga tsarin fasaha fasaha ta hanyar fasalulluka biyu:

1. Haɗin kai mai ƙarfi da dogaro da juna na tsarin shiga cikin fasahar su da kasuwancinsu.

2. Kyakkyawan damar da za ta shafi sauran tattalin arzikin (kuma a ƙarshe al'umma).

A gefe guda, mummunan sakamako an kuma danganta shi da juyin juya halin fasaha. Misali, amfani da kwal a matsayin Tushen makamashi yana da mummunar tasirin muhalli, gami da kasancewa mai ba da gudummawa ga Canjin yanayi da karuwar iskar gas a cikin yanayi, kuma sun haifar da Rashin aikin yi na fasaha.[undefined] Joseph Schumpeter ya bayyana wannan yanayin rikice-rikice na juyin juya halin fasaha a matsayin lalacewar kirkira.[1] Ma'anar juyin juya halin fasaha ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa ci gaban fasaha ba layi ba ne amma mai saurin gudu. Juyin juya halin fasaha na iya zama:

• Juyin juya halin dangantaka (dangantaka na zamantakewa [bayani da ake buƙata], wayoyi)   
• Sashen (mafi yawan canje-canjen fasaha a bangare daya, misali Green Revolution da Commercial Revolution)
• Duniyar Duniya (canji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin bangarori fiye da ɗaya, ana iya ganin juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya a matsayin mai rikitarwa na juyin juya hali na fasaha na bangarori, misali juyin juya juya halin masana'antu na biyu da juyin juyaancin fasaha na Renaissance)

Ma'anar juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya shine "abin da ke ba da gudummawa a cikin ka'idar Neo-Schumpeterian na dogon raƙuman tattalin arziki / sake zagayowar", a cewar Carlota Perez, Tessaleno Devezas, Daniel Šmihula da sauransu.

Tarihi

Wasu misalai na juyin juya halin fasaha sune juyin juya hali na Neolithic, juyin juya juya halin masana'antu a tsakiyar 1800s, juyin juyin juyawar kimiyya da fasaha game da 1950-1960, da juyin juyaancin dijital. An yi muhawara game da bambancin tsakanin juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya da juyin juya hali na musamman. Wata juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya na iya kunshe da sauye-sauyen fasaha da yawa (kamar kimiyya, masana'antu, ko sufuri).

Akwai sauye-sauyen fasaha da yawa na duniya a Zamanin zamani a Al'adun Yamma:

1. Juyin juya halin kudi da aikin gona (1600-1740)
2. Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu (1760-1840)
3. Juyin Juya Halin Fasaha ko Juyin Juyin Juyan Halin Masana'antu na Biyu (1870-1920)
4. Juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha (1940-1970)
5. Juyin juya halin bayanai da sadarwa, wanda aka fi sani da Juyin Juya Halin Dijital ko Juyin Juyin Juyan Halin Masana'antu na Uku (1975-2021)

Ana ganin lokuta masu kama da sauye-sauyen fasaha a zamanin da ya gabata a matsayin hasashe sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine yunkurin da Daniel Šmihulato ya yi don ba da shawarar jerin lokuta na juyin juya halin fasaha a Turai ta zamani:

1. Juyin juya halin fasaha na Indo-Turai (1900-1100 BC)
2. Juyin juya halin fasaha na Celtic da Girka (700-200 BC)
3. Juyin juya halin fasaha na Jamus da Slavic (300-700 AD)
4. Juyin juya halin fasaha na zamani (930-1200 AD)
5. Juyin juya halin fasaha na Renaissance (1340-1470 AD)

Tsarin juyin juya halin fasaha

Kowane juyin juya hali ya ƙunshi injuna masu zuwa don ci gaba:

• Sabbin kayan aiki masu arha
• Sabbin kayayyaki
• Sabbin matakai

Juyin juya halin fasaha na gaba

The Second Machine Age shine kalmar da aka karɓa a cikin littafin 2014 na Erik Brynjolfsson da Andrew McAfee . Shirin ci gaban masana'antu na Jamus ya fara inganta kalmar Masana'antu 4.0. A cikin 2019, a taron Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Davos, Japan ta inganta wani zagaye na ci gaba da ake kira Society 5.0 .

Klaus Schwab, shugaban zartarwa na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, ne ya fara gabatar da kalmar Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na huɗu, a cikin wata kasida ta 2015 a cikin Harkokin Waje. Bayan wallafa labarin, taken taron shekara-shekara na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na 2016 a Davos-Klosters, Switzerland shine "Yana da juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu". A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2016, taron ya ba da sanarwar bude Cibiyar ta don juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu a San Francisco. A cewar Schwab, fasahar zamani na huɗu ta haɗa da fasahar da ta haɗu da kayan aiki, software, da ilmin halitta (tsarin cyber-physical), kuma wanda zai mai da hankali kan ci gaba a cikin sadarwa da haɗi kai. Schwab yana sa ran wannan zamanin zai kasance alama ce ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin fasahar da ke tasowa a fannoni kamar robotics, fasaha ta wucin gadi, nanotechnology, lissafi mai yawa, biotechnology, Intanet na abubuwa, intanet din masana'antu na abubuwa (IIoT), yarjejeniya mai rarraba, Fasahar mara waya ta ƙarni na biyar (5G) , bugawa 3D da motoci masu cikakken ikon cin gashin kansu.

Jeremy Rifkin ya haɗa da fasahohi kamar 5G, motoci masu cin gashin kansu, Intanet na Abubuwa, da makamashi mai sabuntawa a juyin juya halin masana'antu na uku.

Wasu masana tattalin arziki ba sa tunanin cewa ci gaban fasaha zai ci gaba har zuwa matakin da yake da shi a baya. Robert J. Gordon yana da ra'ayi cewa Abubuwan kirkirar yau ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar wutar lantarki da Injin konewa na ciki. Ya yi imanin cewa fasahar zamani ba sabon abu ba ce kamar yadda wasu ke da'awar, kuma ba ta haifar da juyin juya hali ba.