Ka'idar al'adu
 Ka'idar al'adu | |
|---|---|
academic discipline (en)  da social theory (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | social theory (en) |
Ka'idar al'adu reshe ne na ilimin ɗan adam da kuma semiotics wanda ke neman bayyana manufar al'adu a cikin aiki da / ko yanayin kimiyya.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin karni na 19, wasu sun yi amfani da "al'adu" don komawa ga ayyukan ɗan adam da yawa, wasu kuma suna amfani da su a matsayin ma'anar "civilization". A cikin karni na 20, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam sun fara yin tunani game da al'adu a matsayin wani abu na bincike na kimiyya. Wasu sun yi amfani da shi don rarrabe dabarun daidaitawa na ɗan adam daga dabarun daidaitawar Dabbobi, gami da dabarun daidaitaccen wasu dabbobi da wadanda ba mutane ba, yayin da wasu suka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga wakilci na alama da maganganun kwarewar ɗan adam, ba tare da darajar daidaitawa kai tsaye ba. Dukkanin kungiyoyin sun fahimci al'ada a matsayin cikakkiyar dabi'a ɗan adam.
A cewar wasu ra'ayoyin da suka sami karbuwa tsakanin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, al'adu tana nuna yadda mutane ke fassara ilmin halitta da mahallinsu. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, al'ada ta zama wani bangare na rayuwar ɗan adam cewa yanayin ɗan adam ne, kuma yawancin canji al'adu za a iya danganta su da daidaitawar ɗan adam ga abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka ba da cewa ana ganin al'ada a matsayin ainihin hanyar daidaitawa na mutane kuma yana faruwa da sauri fiye da sauyin halitta na ɗan adam, ana iya kallon yawancin canjin al'adu a matsayin al'adun da ke daidaitawa da kanta.
Kodayake yawancin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam suna ƙoƙarin bayyana al'ada ta hanyar da za ta raba mutane daga wasu dabbobi, halaye da yawa na ɗan adam suna kama da na wasu dabbobi. Misali, chimpanzees suna da babban kwakwalwa, amma kwakwalwar mutum ta fi girma. Hakazalika, Bonobos suna nuna halayyar jima'i mai rikitarwa, amma 'yan adam suna nuna halayen jima'i masu rikitarwa. Saboda haka, masanan ilimin ɗan adam galibi suna muhawara ko halayyar ɗan adam ta bambanta da halayyar dabba a cikin digiri maimakon a cikin nau'i; dole ne su sami hanyoyin rarrabe halayyar al'adu daga halayyar zamantakewa da halayar tunani.
An bincika hanzari da fadada waɗannan fannoni daban-daban na canjin al'adu ta hanyar masanin tattalin arziki mai rikitarwa, W. Brian Arthur. A cikin littafinsa, The Nature of Technology, Arthur yayi ƙoƙari ya bayyana ka'idar canji wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa fasahar da ke akwai (ko al'adun kayan aiki) an haɗa su a hanyoyi na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da sababbin sabbin fasahohi. Bayan wannan haɗin labari shine ƙoƙari mai ma'ana wanda ya taso a cikin motsi na ɗan adam. Wannan magana za ta ba da shawarar cewa muna fara fahimtar abin da za a iya buƙata don ingantaccen ka'idar al'adu da canjin al'adu, wanda ke kawo daidaituwa a cikin fannoni da yawa kuma yana nuna haɗin kai.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Groh, Arnold A. Ka'idodin Al'adu. Routledge, London. 2020.
- Ogburn, William F. Canjin Jama'a. 1922. An sake buga shi. Dell, New York 1966.
- Rogers, G.F.C. Yanayin Injiniya: Falsafar Fasaha. [Hasiya]
- Shumpeter, Yusufu. Ka'idar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki . 1912. An sake buga shi. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1966. 1934.