Ka'idodin Oslo
Ka'idodin Oslo, a hukumance ka'idodin Oslo kan wajibai na duniya don rage Canjin yanayi, ka'idoji ne da ke gano wajibai na doka na jihohin (da kamfanoni) don iyakance canjin yanayi. [1] Wani rukuni na kasa da kasa na masana shari'a ne ya rubuta shi, manufar ka'idojin ita ce ta iyakance hauhawar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya zuwa digiri 2 na Celsius. An gabatar da ka'idodin Oslo a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, a Kwalejin King ta London.[2]
Ka'idodin Oslo sun samo asali ne daga dokar kare hakkin dan adam, dokar kasa da kasa, Dokar muhalli ta kasa da Dokar laifi don yin shari'ar cewa Jihohi da kamfanoni suna da wajibin rage canjin yanayi a karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu.[3][4]
Dalilin da ke bayan ka'idodin Oslo shine cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ya haɗa da haƙƙin rayuwa, abinci, ruwa da yanayi mai tsabta. Kamar yadda akwai Yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ƙarƙashin barazanar canjin yanayi, ci gaba da hanyoyin fitar da hayaki na carbon zai keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.[5] Kamar yadda dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasance a kasa da kasa bisa doka, jihohi da kamfanoni suna da alhakin rage hayakin carbon koda kuwa babu takamaiman yarjejeniya.[2][3] Bugu da ƙari, dokar kasa da kasa ta amince da alhakin ayyukan jihar a fadin iyakar kasa da kasa, wanda ya dace da hayakin gas.
Babban hukuncin kotu daidai da ka'idodin Oslo shine Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda, inda kotun da ke Hague ta yanke hukuncin cewa Gwamnatin Holland tana da wajibin doka don rage hayakin carbon na cikin gida don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasa.[6]
Ka'idoji
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idodin Oslo sun tashi daga Ka'idar kariya.[7][4] Idan aka ba da yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da cutar canjin yanayi na ɗan adam, ya kamata a rage hayakin gas mai ɗumi sosai don karewa daga barazanar canjin yanayi. Matsayin raguwa don kauce wa waɗannan barazanar ya kamata ya dogara ne akan kimiyya "mai gaskiya da kuma ainihin yanayin mafi muni".
Wajibi ne ga jihohi da kamfanoni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A karkashin ka'idodin Oslo, jihohi da kamfanoni suna da wajibai don tabbatar da cewa dumamar duniya ta iyakance zuwa digiri 2 na Celsius. Don wannan, dole ne su rage fitar da iskar gas "ba tare da ƙarin farashi ba". Bugu da ƙari, jihohi da kamfanoni ya kamata su guji fara sabbin ayyukan da ke haifar da hayaki mai yawa, kamar gina tashoshin wutar lantarki.
Bugu da ƙari, ka'idodin sun bayyana cewa Kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, da kamfanoni a cikinsu, dole ne su dauki matakai don rage hayakin gas lokacin da za a rage farashin waɗannan matakan ta hanyar tanadi ko ribar kuɗi. Wannan ka'idar ta shafi kasashe masu tasowa, da kamfanoni a cikinsu, kawai lokacin da wasu ƙungiyoyi ke ba da kayan fasaha da kuɗi.
Duk da wajibai akan adadin iskar gas da ake buƙata, jihohi da kamfanoni na iya yanke shawara kan waɗanne matakan da suke amfani da su don cimma burinsu.
Ka'idodin Oslo sun bayyana cewa duk ƙasashe suna ƙarƙashin waɗannan wajibai, ba tare da la'akari da gudummawar da suka bayar ga jimlar hayakin gas ba. Lokacin da dokar ƙasa ko yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta tsara ƙananan manufofi, wajibai a ƙarƙashin Ka'idodin Oslo ba su da tasiri.
Wajibi ne ga jihohi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana buƙatar jihohi su rage hayakin iskar gas zuwa matakin da ya dace da sauri kamar yadda ya yiwu a cikin ikonsu. Ka'idodin Oslo sun bayyana cewa wajibai na jihohi don rage hayakin iskar gas sun zama ruwan dare, amma sun bambanta: ƙasashe masu tasowa ba su da tilastawa su biya don hayakin hayakin hayaki da kansu. Kasashen da ke kusa da matakin da aka ba su izinin fitar da hayaki ba a tilasta su rage hayaki idan zai zama da wahala sosai idan aka yi la'akari da dukiyarta, bukatunsu, dogaro da man fetur da kuma yiwuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kasashen da ke fitar da ƙasa da yadda aka ba su damar har yanzu suna da aikin kauce wa karuwar hayaki yayin da yawan hayaki zai sauka a tsawon lokaci. Jihohi dole ne su guji samar da kudade ga ayyukan da za su kara yawan hayakin gas ba dole ba.
Idan ƙasa ta kasa rage hayakin ta sosai duk da kokarin da take yi, dole ne ta ba da kuɗin ƙarin hayakin a ƙasashen da ke ƙasa da iyakar hayakin hayakin. Rashin kudi ba ya ba da damar jihar ta watsar da wajibai, kuma jihohi suna da wajibai don bincika hanyoyin rage hayaki idan ba za su cika wajibai ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashe suna da alhakin aiwatar da sakamakon kasuwanci ga ƙasashen da suka kasa cika wajibai.
Jihohi kuma suna da alhakin karɓar ikon kotuna da kuma buga bayanai game da haɗarin canjin yanayi.
Ayyukan kamfanoni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamfanoni suna da alhakin tantance matsalarsu ga canjin yanayi da hanyoyin da za su kara karfin su. Wannan bayanin dole ne ya kasance na jama'a kuma yana da damar shiga ga masu ruwa da tsaki kamar masu saka hannun jari, abokan ciniki da masu tsarawa. Kamfanonin man fetur musamman, dole ne su tantance yadda ƙuntatawa kan hakar man fetur zai shafi yanayin kudi.
Dole ne kamfanoni suyi la'akari da tasirin iskar gas a cikin ayyukan da suke la'akari don tallafawa kuma dole ne su gudanar da kimanta tasirin muhalli yayin gina manyan sabbin wurare.
Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙungiyar Kwararru kan Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Duniya ce ta karɓi ƙa'idodin Oslo, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam, dokar muhalli da dokar laifi daga jami'o'i, kotuna ta duniya da ƙungiyoyin shari'a. Mambobin wannan rukuni sun shiga cikin halayensu. An sanya wa ka'idodin suna bayan birnin Oslo, Norway, saboda wannan shine inda marubutan suka cimma yarjejeniya a cikin shekarata 2014.
- Antonio Benjamin, Mai Shari'a, Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Brazil
- Michael Gerrard, Andrew Sabin Farfesa na Kwarewa da Darakta, Cibiyar Sabin don Dokar Canjin Yanayi, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Columbia
- Toon Huydecoper, Babban Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Netherlands da ya yi ritaya
- Michael Kirby, mai ritaya Mai Shari'a na Babban Kotun Ostiraliya
- M.C. Mehta, mai ba da shawara a gaban Kotun Koli ta Indiya
- Thomas Pogge, Leitner Farfesa na Falsafa da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da kuma Daraktan Kafa, Shirin Adalci na Duniya, Jami'ar Yale
- Qin Tianbao, Farfesa na Dokar Muhalli da ta Duniya da Mataimakin Dean na Ƙungiyoyin Duniya, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wuhan
- Dinah Shelton, Manatt / Anh Farfesa na Shari'a ta Duniya, Jami'ar George Washington da Makarantar Shari'a, kuma Kwamishina kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa, Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan AdamHukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka
- James Silk, Farfesa na Shari'a, Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, da Darakta, Orville H. Schell, Jr. Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya, Yale Law SchoolMakarantar Shari'a ta Yale
- Jessica Simor QC, lauya, Matrix Chambers, London
- Jaap Spier, Babban Lauyan Kotun Koli na Netherlands kuma Farfesa mai daraja, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Maastricht
- Elisabeth Steiner, Alkalin, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta TuraiKotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai
- Philip Sutherland, Farfesa, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Stellenbosch
Karɓar baƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Editan Guardian Julia Powles da lauyan yanayi Tessa Khan sun bayyana ka'idodin Oslo a cikin The Guardian a matsayin "magani ga matsalarmu mai fushi" game da rashin aikin gwamnati game da canjin yanayi.[3]
Farfesa na Jami'ar Leiden Ingrid Leijten ya kira ka'idodin "mai ban sha'awa da maraba" wajen gano hanyar da ba a bincika ba don magance canjin yanayi yadda ya kamata. Duk da yake har yanzu ba ta da tabbaci game da matsayin shari'a na takardar, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙarin taimako don cimma matsaya mai kyau na shari'a" don shari'ar kotu ta Jihar Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation . [4]
Satvindar Nagra ya soki ka'idodin Oslo saboda watsi da shiga cikin tasirin shari'a na Canjin yanayi a karkashin dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya da Dokar 'yan gudun hijira.[8]
Ka'idodin Oslo da farko suna mai da hankali kan wajibai na jihohi akan jihohi akan kamfanoni. Don ci gaba da bayyana wajibai na kamfanoni, ka'idodin an haɗa su da Ka'idojin Yanayi na Kasuwanci a cikin shekarata 2020. Wani ɓangare na marubutan ka'idodin Oslo sun kuma yi aiki a kan waɗannan sabbin ka'idoji.[1][2][9]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Shari'ar canjin yanayi
- Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda
- Dokar muhalli
- 'Yancin Dan Adam da canjin yanayi
- Adalci na yanayi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Spier, Jaap (2017-11-27). "The Oslo Principles and the Enterprises Principles: Legal Strategies to Come to Grips with Climate Change". Journal of European Tort Law (in Turanci). 8 (2): 218–237. doi:10.1515/jetl-2017-0007. ISSN 1868-9620. S2CID 132177467. Archived from the original on 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2022-07-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Oslo Principles on Global Climate Change Obligations | Global Justice Program". globaljustice.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-07-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Climate change: at last a breakthrough to our catastrophic political impasse? | Julia Powles and Tessa Khan". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2015-03-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-07-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Leijten, Ingrid (April 26, 2015). "Climate Change and the Oslo Principles: Judicial Activism or the Problem with Politics?". Leiden Law Bog. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Oslo Principles on Global Climate Change Obligations". Investors' Corner (in Turanci). 2016-04-25. Archived from the original on 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
- ↑ Supreme Court of the Netherlands (2019). "Dutch State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by the end of 2020". Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ Nagra, Satvindar (2017). "The Oslo Principles and Climate Change Displacement: Missed Opportunity or Misplaced Expectations?". Carbon & Climate Law Review. 11 (2): 120–135. doi:10.21552/cclr/2017/2/8. ISSN 1864-9904. JSTOR 26353860. Archived from the original on 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
- ↑ "Climate Principles for Enterprises". Climate Principles for Enterprises (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-07-02.