Ka'idodin ingancin iska
 Ka'idodin ingancin iska | |
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criterion (en)  |
Ka'idodin ingancin iska, ko ka'idoji, sune maida hankali ga gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska, kuma yawanci suna nufin iska ta waje. An ƙayyade ka'idojin don dalilai daban-daban ciki har da kare lafiyar ɗan adam, gine-gine, amfanin gona, ciyayi, yanayin halittu, da kuma tsarawa da sauran dalilai. Babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya amma yawanci "ka'idoji" suna da wasu fannoni na doka ko tilasta, yayin da "jagoranci" bazai sami goyon baya daga dokoki ba. Ana iya amfani da "Criteria /criterion" a matsayin kalma don rufe ka'idoji da jagororin.
Kungiyoyi daban-daban sun ba da shawarar ka'idoji misali WHO, EU, US EPA. Wadannan ka'idoji galibi suna kama da juna - amma ba koyaushe ba, koda kuwa an gabatar da su don wannan dalili (misali kariya ga lafiyar ɗan adam).
Bayyana ka'idojin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yana da mahimmanci ga kowane ma'auni na lambobi cewa an ba da matsakaicin lokaci, raka'a, da ma'aunin kididdiga (misali kashi 98 na sa'a na sa'o'i yana nufin auna a kan shekara ta kalandar a cikin micrograms a kowace mita cubic (μg / m3)). Ba tare da waɗannan ba babu wani dalili na kowa don ma'auni da aka ba shi, yana mai da shi rikice-rikice ko ma ba shi da ma'ana. Ana iya saita ma'auni a cikin raka'a daban-daban (misali μg / m3, sassa da biliyan ta hanyar girma (ppbv), sassa da biliya ta hanyar taro (ppb (mass)), sassa da miliyan (ppm)) kuma yana yiwuwa a canza tsakanin duk waɗannan raka'a idan an san yawan kwayoyin gurbataccen da zafin jiki. Ana amfani da yanayin zafi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya don haka yana da mahimmanci a bayyana yanayin zafin jiki na juyawa (idan ya dace). Yawancin gurbatawa suna da ka'idojin yanayi a cikin sassa na biliyan (ppb) ko kewayon μg / m3. Wasu suna da ƙananan raka'a (misali dioxins sau da yawa suna cikin picograms / m3); wasu suna da manyan raka'a ("misali carbon monoxide (CO) a cikin mg / m3). An ƙayyade gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin (misali PM10, PM1.0) a cikin raka'a na taro (misali μg / m3) kuma ba a cikin raka-a na girma ba (ppmv).
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ka'idojin ingancin iska a duniya. Akwai ma'auni da yawa tsakanin kungiyoyi (misali International Finance Corp (IFC)) waɗanda ke da nasu ka'idoji amma a ƙarshe, ka'idojin da yawa sun dogara ne akan waɗanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ƙayyade. Yana da mahimmanci lokacin da aka bi ka'idojin ingancin iska don bincika bayanin kai tsaye. Ba duk abubuwan da suka danganci / sigogi masu sarrafa ma'auni ba za a iya sanya su a cikin teburin, sabili da haka waɗanda aka ƙayyade a ƙasa galibi sune waɗanda yawancin hukumomin sa ido suka ƙayyade. Wadannan hukumomi sun kuma lissafa ko dole ne a saka idanu kan ka'idoji ta wata hanya don dacewa da matakan bin doka.