Ka'idodin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam

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Ka'idodin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam
publication (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Laƙabi United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
Muhimmin darasi business and human rights (en) Fassara
Ranar wallafa 16 ga Yuni, 2011
Full work available at URL (en) Fassara ohchr.org…
Mai hakar gwal daga gundumar Kono ta Saliyo ya ci gajiyar kayan aikin Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation’s (CMM), kamar waɗanda suka fito daga Saliyo ta Peace Diamond Alliance. Kawancen ya inganta rarraba fa'idodi daga masana'antar hakar lu'u-lu'u tare da takaita hanyoyin shiga kasuwanni ga mutanen da ke sayar da "lu'ulu'u masu rikici" ba bisa ka'ida ba don ruruta rashin zaman lafiyar da ke gudana.

Ka'idojin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNGPs) kayan aiki ne wanda ya kunshi ka'idoji 31 ​​wadanda ke aiwatar da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) "Kare, Mutuntawa da kuma Magance" kan batun' yancin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasashen ketare da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci. Wanda Babban Sakataren Sakatare Janar (SRSG) John Ruggie ya haɓaka, waɗannan cia'idodin Jagoran sun ba da ƙa'idar farko ta duniya don hanawa da magance haɗarin mummunar tasiri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin kasuwanci, kuma ci gaba da samar da tsarin da duniya ta yarda dashi don haɓaka ƙa'idodi da ayyuka game da kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2011, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya gaba daya ta amince da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sanya tsarin zama farkon shirin kare hakkin dan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta amince da shi.[1]

UNGPs sun kunshi ginshikai guda uku wadanda suka bayyana yadda yakamata jihohi da kasuwanci su aiwatar da tsarin:

  • Hakkin hukuma na kare hakkin dan adam
  • Hakkin kamfani na mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam
  • Samun damar magancewa ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu da suka shafi kasuwanci

UNGPs sun sami tallafi sosai daga jihohi, kungiyoyin farar hula, har ma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wannan ya kara tabbatar da matsayinsu a matsayin babban ginshikin duniya na kasuwanci da 'yancin dan adam.[2] UNGP an san su bisa ka'ida da suna "Ruggie Principles" ko "Ruggie Framework" saboda marubucinsu da Ruggie, wanda ya ɗauki cikinsu kuma ya jagoranci aiwatar da shawarwarinsu da aiwatarwa.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

John Ruggie, Wakili na Musamman na Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma marubucin Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Harkokin Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam.

UNGPs sun zo ne sakamakon kokarin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi shekaru da dama na kirkirar mizanin 'yancin dan adam na duniya ga' yan kasuwa. A farkon shekarun 1970, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ta bukaci Sakatare Janar ya kirkiro wani kwamiti don yin nazari kan tasirin kamfanonin kasashen duniya (TNCs) kan ayyukan ci gaba da alakar kasashen duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro Hukumar kan Hukumomin Kasa da Kasa a shekarar 1973, da nufin samar da tsarin gudanar da aiki na TNCs. Aikin Hukumar ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, amma kungiyar daga karshe ta kasa amincewa da lambar da za a iya yarda da ita saboda sabani iri-iri tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa.[3] An rushe kungiyar a cikin 1994. Muhawara game da nauyin kasuwanci dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam ya zama sananne a cikin 1990s, yayin da kamfanonin mai, gas, da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suka faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna masu wahala, kuma yayin da al'adar samar da kaya daga waje ba cikin sutura da takalmi ta jawo hankali ga matalauta masu aiki yanayi a cikin sassan duniya. Yawo daga waɗannan damuwar an ƙirƙiri wasu manyan abubuwa guda biyu.

A watan Agusta 1998, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ingantawa da Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kafa Rukunin Aiki a kan Hukumomin Kasashen Duniya. Hakanan kungiyar Aiki tayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi don haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na hukumomi. Zuwa 2003 sun kammala rubutun ƙarshe na "msa'idodi kan Hakkokin ofungiyoyin andasashe da Sauran Enteran Kasuwa game da 'Yancin Dan Adam" (Ka'idodin).[4] Yayin da Ka'idoji suka sami tallafi daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar Cibiyar Turai ta Uku (CETIM) ko Amnesty International, daftarin ya gamu da babbar adawa daga bangaren kasuwanci, kuma Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam a karshe ta yanke hukunci a 2004 cewa tsarin ba shi da wata doka tsaye.[5]

A shekara ta 2005, a yunƙurin shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna game da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na kasuwanci, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta nemi nadin wakili na musamman na Sakatare-Janar (SRSG) kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da TNCs.[6] A watan Yulin 2005, an nada farfesa Harvard John Ruggie a wannan matsayin na farkon shekaru biyu wanda daga nan aka kara shi zuwa karin shekara. A shekara ta 2008, bayan kammala aikinsa na farko na shekaru uku, Ruggie ya gabatar da kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da tsarin "Kare, Mutuntawa da kuma Magani" a matsayin hanya mai ma'ana don karfafa tattaunawar. Wannan tsarin ya fayyace aikin da Jiha ta ke da shi na karewa daga cin zarafin bil adama da ya shafi kasuwanci, da nauyin da ke kan kamfanoni na mutunta hakkin dan adam, da kuma bukatar karfafa hanyoyin samun dacewa da ingantattun magunguna ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin bil adama. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ya yi maraba da rahoton Ruggie kuma ya tsawaita aikinsa har zuwa shekara ta 2011 tare da aikin "aiki da aiki" da "inganta" tsarin.[7] Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ya nemi Ruggie da ya ba da shawarwari na zahiri kan yadda jihar za ta iya hana cin zarafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, don yin karin bayani kan girman nauyin da ke kan kamfanoni, da kuma bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don ingantattun magunguna waɗanda ake samu ga waɗanda ayyukan kamfanoni ke shafar haƙƙin ɗan adam.[8]A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, Ruggie ya gudanar da shawarwari masu yawa tare da kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki ciki har da gwamnatoci, 'yan kasuwa, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ruggie yayi niyyar ƙirƙirar "mahimmin matsayi wanda tunanin 'yan wasan zai iya haɗuwa—wani tsari wanda ya fayyace nauyin da ya dace da 'yan wasan, kuma ya samar da tushe wanda tunani da aiki za su iya ginawa a kan lokaci ".[9] Aikin Ruggie ya haifar da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a watan Yunin 2011. Ruggie ya ce,

Gudummawar ka'idojin Ka'idodin Jagora baya cikin ƙirƙirar sabbin wajibai na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa amma don ƙarin bayani game da tasirin ƙa'idodin da ayyukan da ake da su ga jihohi da kasuwanci; haɗa su cikin tsari guda ɗaya, mai ma'ana kuma mai cikakken tsari; da gano inda tsarin mulki na yanzu ya gaza da yadda za a iya inganta shi.[10]

Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam gaba daya ya amince da Ka'idodin Jagora, don haka ya kirkiri matakin farko na duniya kan wannan batun.[11]

A watan Yunin 2011, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta zartar da kuduri mai lamba 17/4, ta amince da karshen wa'adin Ruggie a matsayin SRSG kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da TNCs da Sauran Masana'antu, kuma gabaɗaya ya amince da Ka'idodin Jagora wanda ya sanya su zama matattarar isharar duniya game da kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam.[7] Allyari, Majalisar ta kafa ƙungiyar aiki don mai da hankali kan yaɗuwar duniya da aiwatar da Prina'idodin Jagora. OHCHR tana ba da tallafi mai gudana da shawarwari ga theungiyar Aiki, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun masana biyar masu zaman kansu, na daidaitaccen wakilcin yanki, na tsawon shekaru uku. Membobin Rukunin Aikin Yanzu sune Michael Addo, Alexandra Guaqueta, Margaret Jungk, Puvan Selvanathan, da Pavel Sulyandziga. Taro na farko kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam ya gudana a ranar 4 zuwa 5 ga Disamba, 2012, a Geneva, Switzerland.[12]

Ginshikan uku[13][gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkin Jiha na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rukunin farko na Ka'idodin Jagora shine aikin jihar don karewa daga keta haƙƙin bil adama ta hanyar tsarawa, tsara manufofin, bincike, da aiwatarwa. Wannan ginshiƙi ya sake tabbatar da abubuwan da ake da su a halin yanzu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin sanarwar 1948 ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam.[11]

Batutuwa a yankunan da rikici ya shafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin da ya kasance abin dubawa sosai a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙi na farko shi ne dangane da tallafawa mutunta kasuwanci na haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankunan da ke fama da rikici a ƙarƙashin jagorancin 7. Batun farko da ya bayyana game da wannan ƙa'idar ita ce fassarar kalmar "yankunan da rikici ya shafa". SRSG tayi amfani da wannan kalmomin don nuna niyyar faɗaɗa ƙa'idodin ɗaukar hoto fiye da ma'anar rikice-rikicen makamai a cikin dokar agaji ta duniya. Lokacin bayyana aikin ka'idar 7, dole ne a ba da la'akari ga iyakokin ma'anar sassauƙa waɗanda UNGP, a matsayin kayan aikin doka mai laushi, ke aiki da kuma mahimmancin tushen ka'idar.[14] Inda batun tare da fassarar ka'ida ta 7 ta kasance game da wane irin rikici ne za'a bar shi daga ka'idar.

Wani yanki na rashin tabbas wanda ya kasance shine alaƙar da ke tsakanin 'mummunan zagi' da 'yankunan da rikici ya shafa' wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye kan zartar da ƙa'idar 7 ga manyan laifuka a cikin yankunan rikici wanda ke buƙatar jihohin ƙasashe su yi tasiri ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a yankin. Babban cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na faruwa ne a yankunan rikici, da yankunan da ba a samun rikici, kamar a cikin Statesasashe masu taurin kai da mulkin kama-karya. Tambayar da aka sani a nan ita ce ko ƙa'ida ta 7 ta shafi manyan cin zarafi a yankunan da ba sa fama da rikici. Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar 7 tana da aikace-aikace iri ɗaya a duk faɗin dimokiradiyya, masu iko, da Statesannun ƙasashe inda ake cin zarafin da suka samo asali yayin rikice-rikice ko kuma ƙa'idodin aikace-aikacen da ke dogaro da losingasar da rasa ikonsu akan yankinta.[14]

Haɗin kan kamfanoni don girmamawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dole ne 'yan kasuwa suyi aiki tare da himma don kaucewa keta haƙƙin wasu kuma don magance duk wani mummunan tasiri. UNGPs sun yarda cewa kamfanoni suna da ikon shafar kusan dukkanin haƙƙoƙin da duniya ta yarda da shi. Saboda haka, akwai nauyi a kan jiha da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su amince da rawar da suka taka wajen kiyayewa da kare hakkin dan adam. Yayin gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata, UNGP na karfafawa kamfanoni gwiwa don gudanar da Tattaunawar Tasirin Yancin Dan Adam ta inda suke tantance hakikanin tasirin da suke da shi na hakkin dan adam.[2]

Samun hanyar gyara idan ba'a kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rukunin na uku yana magana ne kan nauyin da jihar ke da shi na samar da damar yin gyara ta hanyar shari'a, gudanarwa, da kuma doka, da kuma alhakin kamfanoni na hanawa da kuma magance duk wata tauye hakkokin da suke bayarwa. Samun ingantattun hanyoyin koke-koke a wurin yana da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye hakkin jihar na karewa da kuma hakkin kamfanonin da su mutunta. UNGPs sun ayyana cewa hanyoyin da ba na shari'a ba, walau na jihohi ko masu zaman kansu, su kasance masu halal, masu sauki, wadanda ake iya hasashe, masu dacewa da hakki, daidaito, da kuma nuna gaskiya. Hakanan, ana ƙarfafa tsarin matakan Kamfani don aiki ta hanyar tattaunawa da haɗin gwiwa, maimakon tare da kamfanin da ke yin hukunci a kan ayyukansa.

Batutuwa tare da samun dama ga magungunan gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Batun da aka gabatar tare da ginshiƙi na uku na Ka'idodin Jagora shine ƙalubalen samar da magunguna masu inganci ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, musamman tare da maganin shari'a ga waɗanda ke fama da hukumomin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke aiki a sama da jiha ɗaya. Ruggie ya lura da cewa Ka'idojin Jagora sun fi tasiri wajen gano rashin isashshen damar samun hanyar shari'a fiye da gyara shi.[15] Ya isar da cewa inda ka'idojin da ke jagorantar suka yi karanci shi ne cewa sun dukufa ne don gano matsalolin da kuma karfafa Jihohi don shawo kansu, amma sun kasa tabbatar da hakan a aikace. Ka'idodin Jagora sun kasa fahimtar rashin daidaiton iko dangane da albarkatu da bayanai tsakanin wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin kamfanoni da kuma kamfanonin kansu.[16] Wani batun kuma ya shafi Sharhi ne ga Ka'idar Jagora ta 2 wacce ta bayar da cewa "an yarda wa jihohin gida" da su dauki matakan tabbatar da samun magunguna. Wannan harshe ya sha suka mai yawa saboda rashin kunya da rashin fahimta inda wadanda ke cin zarafinsu ta hanyar manyan kamfanoni na yau da kullun ke fuskantar cikas na hanyoyin da ba za a iya magance su ba don magance su a cikin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin kuma ba su da wani waje da za su nemi taimako. Anan Ka'idodin Jagora sun kasa bayar da takamaiman jagora kan yadda za a bi hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalolin jihohin gida kuma sun kasa yin bayani dalla-dalla kan 'gibin shugabanci' don taimakawa jihohin cikin gida don aiwatar da hanyoyin tabbatar da kamfanoninsu ba su keta hakkin bil'adama a kasashen waje.[17] Bugu da kari, masu sharhi sun kuma nuna damuwa game da nuna karfi kan hanyoyin da ba na shari'a ba da kuma hanyoyin son rai wadanda ba su bai wa wadanda abin ya shafa damar samun kariya daga cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da ya shafi kasuwanci. Abin da aka ba da shawara shi ne cewa Ka'idodin Jagora ya kamata su kafa cikakkun magunguna waɗanda ke ɗaure doka da dacewa da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na jihohi da 'yan kasuwa a cikin jihar mai karɓar bakunci da ƙasa ta asali. Ingantaccen localarfin gida shine zaɓin da aka fi so don tabbatar da samun damar gama gari ga magungunan shari'a a cikin dogon lokaci.

Amsawa da aiwatarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

UNGPs sun sami karɓuwa da tallafi daga jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanoni da yawa sun bayyana goyon bayansu a bainar jama'a. Misali, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya "goyi bayan" UNGPs sosai, yana kiran su "tushe da sassauƙa ga kamfanoni kamar namu",[18] kuma General Electric ya rubuta cewa UNGPs "sun taimaka wajen fayyace bambancin matsayi da nauyi na jihohi da cibiyoyin kasuwanci a wannan yankin" kuma cewa "babu shakka za su zama fitila mai dorewa ga kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke neman (don) bunkasa ayyukansu da samfur bayarwa yayin girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam ".[19][20][21] Har ila yau, UNGPs sun gamu da suka, musamman daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam irin su Human Rights Watch, wadanda ke jayayya da cewa rashin tsarin aiwatar da aiki, “ba za su iya bukatar kamfanoni da su yi komai ba kwata-kwata. Kamfanoni na iya ƙin ƙa'idodin kwata-kwata ba tare da sakamako ba-ko kuma su rungume su a bainar jama'a alhali ba su yin komai don aiwatar da su.[22]

UNGPs sun kirkiro darussan ga dokar kasa da kasa, musamman game da rawar da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba suke takawa a dokar kasa da kasa da mahimmancin mahimman hanyoyin samun doka.[23] Nasarar UNGPs na iya kasancewa sanadin rawar da 'yan wasan da ba na Gwamnati suka taka ba, musamman a wannan yanayin, neman' yan kasuwa. Abin da tasirin UNGPs yake nunawa shine ci gaban ƙa'idodin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa kamar waɗanda suka shafi diflomasiyya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa za su ci gaba da samun gudummawa daga masu rawar Jiha. Koyaya, ci gaba a yankuna kamar dokar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ke tasiri kai tsaye ga actorsan wasan da ba na Stateasa ba, na iya buƙatar wata hanya daban daga tsarin al'adun gargajiyar gargajiyar kuma zana daga abubuwan lura da abubuwan da ake yi na waɗanda ba 'yan jihar ba idan dokoki masu inganci. ne da za a halitta a cikin wadannan yankunan.[23]

Kayan aiki ne mai ɗauke da doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da tallafi daga jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun yi tambaya kan ko UNGPs sun kafa kyakkyawan misali ga harkokin kasuwanci, suna jayayya cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya kamata su sami "wajibi" don fahimtar hakkoki, maimakon kawai "nauyi". Sauran sun ce UNGPs suna buƙatar babban tsarin aiwatar da lissafi wanda zai iya sanya tsarin aiwatar da doka.[5] Magoya baya, duk da haka, suna kare UNGPs don ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya sosai fiye da kowane ƙoƙari na baya don ƙirƙirar kasuwancin duniya-haƙƙin ɗan adam.[24][25]

Muhawara game da isasshen tsarin sassauƙan doka mai sauƙin kai wanda ke ɗaukar Prina'idodin Jagora, duk da haka, an sake buɗe shi a watan Satumba na 2013 lokacin da Ecuador, goyan bayan gwamnatoci 84 sun ba da shawarar kayan aiki na doka don ayyukan TNC don “samar da kariya mai dacewa, adalci da kuma magance wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam kai tsaye da ya samo asali daga ko kuma yake da alaka da ayyukan wasu kamfanonin kasashen ketare da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci.”[26] Kiran ya samu goyon bayan sama da kungiyoyin farar hula 530 (CSOs)[27] kuma a cikin watan Yunin 2014 ya sami goyon bayan mafi yawan Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya amince da kafa kungiyar hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen waje da aka ba wa izinin tsara abin da za a daure.[28]

ikon yinsa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Batun da Ruggie ya gabatar dangane da gabatar da wata yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam shine ke ƙayyade girman da girman wannan kayan aikin. Daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin shine cewa yarjejeniyar zata fi UNGPs tasiri a wasu fannoni na kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Misali, wata yarjejeniya tana iya bayyana a bayyane game da haƙƙin Indan Asalin ko kuma yarda da haƙƙin ma'aikata fiye da waɗanda aka kafa a cikin UNGPs.[29] Akasin haka, Ruggie ya daɗe yana nuna ƙiyayyarsa ga duk wani yunƙuri na mayar da dukkanin harkokin kasuwanci da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a dunkule cikin manyan kayan aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa.[15] Bayaninsa shi ne cewa kasuwanci da 'yancin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi matsaloli iri-iri da yawa, bambancin doka da na hukumomi, da kuma maslaha iri-iri tsakanin da tsakanin Jihohi. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a gina haɗin gwiwar gama gari da yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam a irin wannan matakin na toshewa ta yadda duk wani amfani da zai yi zai ragu.[15] A wannan ma'anar, UNGPs sun fi dacewa saboda kasancewa "doka mai taushi" kayan aiki ya ba su damar zama cikakke kuma su yi kira ga Gwamnatoci.

Alaka da Ka'idodin Jagora[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fatawar yarjejeniya mai ɗauke da doka ta haifar da tambayoyi game da yiwuwar tashin hankali tsakanin kayan aikin da aka tsara da UNGPs kuma tabbatar da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ba ya lalata ci gaban da aka samu a ƙarƙashin UNGPs. Masu shakka game da wata yarjejeniya mai ɗaure kai ta jaddada bukatar fahimtar haɗarin da ke tattare da wata yarjejeniya mara kyau wacce za ta haifar da batutuwa daga mahangar ƙungiyoyin farar hula kamar samun ƙa'idodi waɗanda jihohi za su iya yarda da su sosai, amma rashin tsabta a cikin abin da suke buƙata a aikace. Sabanin haka, wasu sun isar da cewa kayan aiki tare tare da wasu manufofi, kamar su UNGPs, za su ci gaba da bunkasa dokokin kasa da kasa a wannan fannin domin zai iya taimakawa kayan aikin da ake da su. Wannan hangen nesan yana nuna wata yarjejeniya da aka gabatar ta zama bangare daya a cikin babban tsari mai tasowa da nufin daidaita kasuwanci da 'yancin dan adam.[30]

Tilasta doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani mahimmin batun da aka gabatar shi ne yadda za a aiwatar da irin wannan yarjejeniyar, ganin rashin isar da karfi ya nuna a matsayin babban gazawar UNGPs. Ruggie, a cikin tunanin sa na tambaya kan shin haƙiƙa mai yiwuwa shine ya kafa kotun ƙasa da ƙasa don ƙungiyoyi ko kuma irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin za su iya aiwatar da su. A cikin binciken nasa, Ruggie ya goyi bayan tsohon yana mai bayyana cewa inda wata Jiha ta amince da yarjejeniya, tuni tana da hakkoki na kare mutane daga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da wasu keɓaɓɓu ke yi a cikin yankunansu. Don haka don ƙara kowane sabon ƙima, tanadi na aiwatar da yarjejeniya dole ne ya ƙunshi ikon ƙetare ikon mulki wanda, duk da goyan bayan wasu ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar aiwatar da jihohi ya zama hanyar da ba za a amince da ita ba don magance take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kasashen da ba su amince da wata muhimmiyar hanyar UN da ILO ba game da hakkin dan adam ba su da wuyar tallafawa ko tilasta aiwatar da yarjejeniya da ke ɗaukar nauyi a kan ayyukan ƙasashen ƙetare na MNCs ɗinsu.[31]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Surya Deva, "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Companies", European Company Law, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 101-109, 2012; University of Oslo Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2012-10, published 26 March 2012, accessed 3 July 2012
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 John Ruggie, "United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights" Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, March 21, 2011, retrieved July 3, 2012
  3. ↑ Surya Deva, "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Companies", European Company Law, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 101-109, 2012; University of Oslo Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2012-10, published 26 March 2012, accessed 3 July 2012
  4. ↑ U.N. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, "Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights", August 13, 2003. "", Retrieved July 3, 2012
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Kenan Institute for Ethics, "The U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Analysis and Implementation", January 2012. "", Retrieved September 10, 2020
  6. ↑ Commission on Human Rights, 'promotion and protection of human rights' E/CN.4/2005/L.87 (15 Apr. 2005)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Davis, Rachel (Autumn 2012). "The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and Conflict-Affected Areas: State Obligations and Business Responsibilities". International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (887): 961–979. doi:10.1017/S1816383113000350.
  8. ↑ U.N. Human Rights Council, "Resolution 8/7: Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises", June 18, 2008. "", Retrieved July 3, 2012
  9. ↑ U.N. Human Rights Council, "The UN 'Protect, Respect, and Remedy' Framework for Business and Human Rights", September 2010. "[1]", Retrieved July 5, 2012
  10. ↑ John Ruggie, "Presentation of Report to United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva", May 30, 2011. "[2] Archived 2011-09-11 at the Wayback Machine", Retrieved July 5, 2012
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 The Kenan Institute for Ethics, "The U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Analysis and Implementation", January 2012. "", Retrieved September 10, 2020
  12. ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Forum on Business and Human Rights", "", Retrieved July 5, 2012
  13. ↑ "Policy Report on business and human rights". Universal Rights Group (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mares, Radu (2014). "Corporate and State Responsibilities in Conflict-Affected Areas". Nordic Journal of International Law. 83 (3): 293–346. doi:10.1163/15718107-08303004.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ruggie, John (25 January 2015). "Life in the Global Public Domain: Response to Commentaries on the UN Guiding Principles and the Proposed Treaty on Business and Human Rights". Business and Human Rights Resource Centre.
  16. ↑ Blitt, Robert C. (2012). "Beyond Ruggie's Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Charting an Embracive approach to corporate human rights compliance". Texas International Law Journal. 48.
  17. ↑ Thabane, Tebello (2014). "Weak Extraterritorial Remedies: The Achilles Heel of Ruggie's Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework and Guiding Principles". African Human Rights Journal. 14: 43–60.
  18. ↑ Edward E. Potter, May 26, 2011, "", Retrieved July 5, 2012
  19. ↑ Bob Corcoran, May 20, 2011, "", Retrieved July 5, 2012
  20. ↑ Hoessle, Ulrike: DOING BUSINESS RIGHT - Five Years of United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights Experiences from Early Adopting Companies (=WWS Series 5). Seattle, 2016. 08033994793.ABA
  21. ↑ "Fundraising Consulting - Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar". wwsworldwide (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  22. ↑ Albin-Lackey, Christopher. "Without Rules: A Failed Approach to Corporate Accountability" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Addo, Michael K. (12 February 2014). "The Reality of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights". Human Rights Law Review. 14: 133–147. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngt041.
  24. ↑ Hoessle, Ulrike:The UN Guiding Principles on Business And Human Rights. Context, Content, Implementation and Prioritizing (=WWS Series 3). Seattle, 2013. 08033994793.ABA
  25. ↑ "Fundraising Consulting - Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar". wwsworldwide (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  26. ↑ "Statement on behalf of a Group of Countries at the 24rd [sic] Session of the Human Rights Council", September 2013, Retrieved August 19, 2014
  27. ↑ "TreatyMovement.com". TreatyMovement.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  28. ↑ Deen, T: Binding and non-binding as they please, The Nation "", Retrieved August 19, 2014
  29. ↑ University of Notre Dame London Gateway (16 May 2017). "Expert Round Table on Elements of a Possible Binding International Instrument on Business and Human Rights" (PDF). Business-Humanrights.org.
  30. ↑ University of Notre Dame London Gateway (16 May 2017). "Expert Round Table on Elements of a Possible Binding International Instrument on Business and Human Rights" (PDF). Business-Humanrights.org.
  31. ↑ Ruggie, John (28 January 2014). "A UN Business and Human Rights Treaty?" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

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