Kabarin Yahudawa na Salonica

People were running between the tombs begging the destroyers to spare those of their relatives; with tears, they collected the remains. In my family vault, there were the remains of my brother, aged twenty, who died during a journey to Rome. His body was brought back from abroad and put in two coffins, one in metal and the other in wood. When the second coffin was opened my poor brother appeared in his smocking and his pointed shoes as though he had been put there yesterday. My mother fainted.

Kabarin Yahudawa na Salonica
archaeological site (en) da Kabari na Yahudawa
Bayanai
Suna a harshen gida	Betahayim de Salonika
Addini	Yahudanci
Ƙasa	Greek
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en)	1942
Wuri
40°37′48″N 22°57′29″E
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Greek
Decentralized administration of Greece (en)	Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace (en)
Administrative region of Greece (en)	Central Macedonia Region (en)
Municipality of Greece (en)	Thessaloniki Municipality (en)

An kafa makabartar Yahudawa ta Salonica a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ta hannun Yahudawan Sephardic da suka tsere daga korar Yahudawa daga Spain,[1] ta mamaye kusan murabba'in mita 350,000 (ƙafa 3,800,000 sq)[1][1] kuma ta ƙunshi kusan kaburbura 500,000.[1][1] An yi hasashen kwace makabartar a cikin shirin sake gina birane bayan Babban Gobarar Tasalonika ta 1917, amma al'ummar Yahudawa sun yi adawa da hakan sosai saboda damun kaburburan ya saɓa wa dokar Yahudawa. A ƙarshe, gundumar Thessaloniki ta lalata makabartar a watan Disamba na 1942 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kisan kiyashi a Girka a lokacin mamayar Axis na Girka. An yi amfani da duwatsun a matsayin kayan gini a kewayen birnin, ciki har da majami'un Orthodox na Girka, yayin da aka gina Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki a kan filin. Al'ummar Yahudawa ba ta taɓa samun diyya ba saboda kwace ƙasar, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1943.

Halakawa

Katin gidan waya na ƙarni na 19 na makabartar

Kabarin Yahudawa ya kasance abin jayayya tsakanin hukumomin birni da al'ummar Yahudawa shekaru da yawa kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Bisa ga halacha (dokar Yahudawa), ana buƙatar cewa ragowar ta kasance ba tare da damuwa ba har abada. Saboda haka al'ummar Yahudawa sun ki amincewa da shawarwarin da ke ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a tono gawawwakin kuma a sake binne su a cikin sababbin makabarta biyu a waje da birnin. A cikin 1926, an kafa Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki kusa da makabarta. A shekara ta 1937, al'ummar Yahudawa sun amince da ba da mita 30,000 (320,000 sq tare da iyakar yamma kusa da jami'ar don musayar samun sauran adanawa.

Nazi Jamus ba ta da manufofi na lalata ko adana makabarta na Yahudawa.[1] Masanin tarihi Mark Mazower ya bayyana cewa "Jamusanci sun ba da haske mai haske, amma shirin bai fito daga gare su ba".[1] A tsakiyar shekara ta 1942 dubban Yahudawa daga Salonica an tilasta su aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. A ƙarshe, al'ummar Yahudawa sun amince da biyan fansa don 'yantar da su.[1] A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1942, Vasilis Simonides, gwamnan-janar na Makidoniya ya gaya wa al'ummar Yahudawa su motsa kaburbura zuwa sabbin makabarta biyu a gefen birnin.[1] An yi yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe don lalata makabartar a ƙarshen Nuwamba 1942, bayan Saukowar Allies a Arewacin Afirka. Dangane da wannan yarjejeniya, yawancin makabarta za a haɗa su da jami'a kuma wasu sassan za a karbe su ta gari, amma kaburbura da suka gabata fiye da shekaru 30 za su kasance ba a taɓa su ba. Koyaya, karamar hukumar da Janar Gwamnatin Makidoniya sun yi watsi da wannan yarjejeniya kuma sun lalata dukan makabarta.[1]

An lalata makabartar a cikin mako na farko na Disamba 1942 a cikin wani tsari wanda babban injiniyan garin Thessaloniki, Athanassios Broikos, ya kula da shi, kuma ya haɗa da ma'aikata ɗari biyar. Shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa Michael Molho ya yi imanin cewa Kiristoci suna da sha'awar lalata makabartar da sauri saboda suna so su kammala shi kafin 'yancin Allied na yankin.

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira ya tuna:

An yi amfani da kaburbura daga makabarta don sake gina Basilica na Hagios Demetrios .

An kammala lalata makabarta a lokacin da George Seremetis ya kasance magajin garin Thessaloniki . Seremetis ya sayar da duwatsun kabarin ga 'yan kwangila don amfani da su azaman kayan aiki a cikin ayyukan daban-daban. Hukumomin mamayar Jamus sun kwace wasu daga cikin duwatsun don gina hanyoyi, wanka na jama'a, da kuma tafkin yin iyo.

Sakamakon haka

Wasu sassan makabartar sun tsira ba tare da wata matsala ba har zuwa 1947. Hukumomin birni da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Girka sun mallaki duwatsu da yawa kuma sun yi amfani da su. Bayan yaƙin, mutane (ciki har da jami'an birni) har yanzu suna ɗauke da kaburbura na Yahudawa kowace rana kuma suna satar makabarta a kai a kai don neman abubuwa masu daraja. Littafin tunawa na 1992 ya nuna hotunan 'yan makarantar Girka suna wasa Hamlet tare da kwanyar da sauran ƙasusuwa da suka samu a makabartar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, har yanzu akwai duwatsun kabarin a bangon daban-daban, hanyoyi, da majami'u a kusa da birnin, kodayake lokacin da aka same su ana mayar da su sabon makabartar Yahudawa. A cewar masanin tarihi Rena Molho, "har yanzu mutum na iya samun, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya shaida, kaburbura na Yahudawa da ke yin ado da wuraren wasan yara, mashaya, da gidajen cin abinci a otal-otal na zamani a wuraren shakatawa na lokacin rani na Chalkidiki". Gidan kayan gargajiya na Yahudawa na Thessaloniki ya ƙunshi wasu manyan duwatsu da rubuce-rubuce tare da hotuna da ke nuna makabarta da baƙi kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 1914.

Al'ummar Yahudawa ba su taɓa karɓar diyya ba don kwace ƙasar a ƙarƙashin makabartar, wanda aka kimanta a 1943 a dala biliyan 1.5.

An kaddamar da wani abin tunawa ga makabartar Yahudawa a cikin 2014 a filin Jami'ar Aristotle . An lalata abin tunawa sau da yawa.

Dubi kuma

• Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika