Kafela
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Birni Kafela, wanda kuma ake kira Kabela da Jadid, ita ce babban birnin Daular Kanem-Bornu daga 1813 zuwa 1846.{{Efn|Birni means city,[1][2]. Muhammad IX Ngileruma ne ya kafa Kafela a matsayin sabon babban birnin daular bayan an lalata tsohon babban birnin, Ngazargamu, a cikin Jihads na Fula.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsohon babban birnin Daular Kanem-Bornu, Ngazargamu, Fulani ne suka lalata shi a 1808. Kodayake mai Dunama IX Lefiami ya sake ma'Mayu' rushewar a takaice, ba da dadewa ba aka bar su saboda hare-haren Fulani da aka yi a yankin. Dunama ya gudu zuwa gabas amma ya kasa yanke shawara kan sabon babban birnin dindindin, a maimakon haka yana motsa kotunsa kowane 'yan watanni.[3] Rashin zabar sabon wurin zama na dindindin yana daga cikin dalilai da yawa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar manyan ma'aikatan kotu da suka kori Dunama a cikin 1811, [3] sun Mayu gurbinsa a matsayin mai tare da kawunsa Muhammad IX Ngileruma. Mas din sun fada cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin tasirin shahararren shugaban soja kuma masanin addini Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi.[3][3]
A cikin 1813, Ngileruma ya kafa Kafela a matsayin sabon babban birnin daular na dindindin. Kafela wani lokacin ana kiranta Birni Jadid, ma'ana "sabon Birni" (Birni na baya shine Birni Ngazargamu). Kafela tana kusa da wurin zama na al-Kanemi a Ngurno . [4] Wataƙila an zaɓi shafin Kafela don amfanin cinikin potash, wanda a al'adance ya ratsa yankin.[5] Kafela ita ce mazaunin mai kuma mai yiwuwa kuma mafi yawan aristocracy na daular. Ba kamar Ngazargamu ba, Kafela ba shi da gine-ginen da aka gina da tubalin wuta.[6]
An riƙe Kafela a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar bayan da aka maido da Dunama kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1814. Kafela ta ci gaba da zama mazaunin mai har zuwa 1846, kodayake al-Kanemi da ɗansa Umar Kura (wanda ya yi amfani da salon shehu) a hankali suka fi sarakuna ƙarfi. A shekarar 1846, mai Ali V Minargema ya yi yaƙi da Umar Kura don sake tabbatar da ikon mai amma aka ci shi da yaƙi aka kashe shi. Umar Kura ya lalata Kafela sannan ya karɓi cikakken ikon daular.[3] Kukawa, mazaunin Umar, ta zama sabuwar babban birnin daular [3]
Bayanai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Norris, Edwin; Richardson, James (1853). Grammar of the Bornu Or Kanuri Language: With Dialogues, Translations, and Vocabulary (in Turanci). Harrison & Sons. p. 77.
- ↑ Kirk-Greene, Anthony Hamilton Millard (1969). The Meaning of Place Names in Hausaland (in Turanci). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Série B: Sciences humaines. p. 265.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Brenner, Louis (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu. Clarendon Press. pp. 30–36, 66, 70. ISBN 978-0-19-821681-0.
- ↑ Lavers, John E. (1993). "The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology". Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs. 268 (2): 180.
- ↑ Connah, Graham (1981). "Man and a Lake". Publications de la Société française d'histoire des outre-mers: 161–178.
- ↑ Magnavita, Carlos; Adebayo, Olusegun; Höhn, Alexa; Ishaya, Daniel; Kahlheber, Stefanie; Linseele, Veerle; Ogunseyin, Sunday (2009). "Garu Kime: A Late Borno Fired-Brick Site at Monguno, NE Nigeria". African Archaeological Review (in Turanci). 26 (3): 219–246. doi:10.1007/s10437-009-9058-0. ISSN 1572-9842.