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Kamfanin Abir Congo

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Kamfanin Abir Congo
Bayanai
Gajeren suna ABIR
Iri ginin daji da rubber plantation (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Congo Free State
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1892
Dissolved 1926

Kamfanin Abir Kongo (wanda aka kafa a matsayin Kamfanin Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company kuma daga baya aka fi sani da Compagnie du Congo Belge ) kamfani ne da ya yi amfani da roba na halitta a cikin Jamhuriyar Kwango Free State, mallakar Sarki Leopold II na Belgium . An kafa kamfanin ne da babban birnin Burtaniya da Belgium kuma ya kasance a Belgium. Ya zuwa 1898 babu sauran masu hannun jarin Birtaniyya kuma Kamfanin Rubber na Anglo-Belgian India ya canza suna zuwa Kamfanin Abir Kongo kuma ya canza mazauninsa don dalilai na haraji zuwa Jiha Kyauta. An bai wa kamfanin wani babban rangwame a arewacin kasar da kuma haƙƙin harajin mazauna. An dauki wannan harajin a cikin nau'in roba da aka samo daga itacen inabin roba da ba kasafai ba. Tsarin tattarawa ya ta'allaka ne da jerin wuraren kasuwanci da ke gefen manyan koguna biyu a cikin rangwamen. Wani wakilin Bature ne ya ba da umarnin kowane mukami kuma an ɗauke shi da jami'an tsaro don tilasta haraji da hukunta duk wani ɗan tawaye.

Abir ya samu bunkasuwa a karshen shekarun 1890, inda ya siyar da kilogiram na roba a kasashen turai har zuwa fr 10 wanda ya kai su 1.35 fr kacal. Duk da haka, wannan ya zo ne a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda ba za su iya biyan haraji ba tare da dauri, bulala da sauran hukuncin da aka rubuta. Rashin nasarar Abir na danne hanyoyin girbi masu lalacewa da kuma kula da noman roba yana nufin cewa kurangar inabin ya yi ƙaranci kuma a 1904 riba ta fara faɗuwa. A farkon shekarun 1900, yunwa da cututtuka sun bazu a ko'ina cikin yarjejeniyar, wani bala'i da wasu suka yi la'akari da cewa aikin Abir ya tsananta, wanda ya kara hana tarin roba. 1900s kuma sun ga tarzomar tawaye ga mulkin Abir a cikin rangwame da yunƙurin ƙaura zuwa Faransa Kongo ko kudu. Wadannan al'amura sun kasance sun haifar da Abir ya aika da dakaru don maido da zaman lafiya.

An fitar da jerin rahotannin yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan ‘yan ta’addan da suka fara da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Rahoton Casement na Roger Casement sannan kuma rahotannin da Free State da Leopold II suka bayar. Wadannan kashe-kashen da aka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba da sauran cin zarafi da Abir da Leopold II suka yi ya ji kunya wajen kafa gyare-gyare. Wadannan sun fara ne da nada Ba’amurke Richard Mohun da Leopold II ya yi a matsayin darektan Abir. Duk da haka, fitar da roba ta ci gaba da faɗuwa kuma tawaye ya karu, wanda ya haifar da Free State ta dauki iko da yarjejeniyar a 1906. Abir ya ci gaba da samun wani kaso na ribar daga fitar da roba kuma a shekarar 1911 aka sake kafa shi a matsayin kamfanin girbin noman roba: Compagnie du Congo Belge. Ba a san tarihin kamfanin na baya ba amma har yanzu yana aiki a cikin 1939. [1]

Asali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Leopold II na Belgium

Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kwango wata ƙasa ce ta haɗin gwiwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya mai zaman kanta ta Sarki Leopold II na Belgium wanda taron Berlin na 1885 ya kafa kuma ya amince da shi Abin da daga baya zai zama yankin Kamfanin Abir shine ƙasar da ke tsakanin raƙuman kogin Lopori da Maringa, raƙuman kogin Kongo, a arewacin jihar. Jama'ar yankin a nan manoman doya da rogo ne waɗanda ke yin ciniki da masuntan kogi da mafarauta pygm . [2] A cikin 1885 wani karfi na mutanen Manyema, mabiyan Tippu Tip, mai cinikin bayi na Swahili - Zanzibari, ya isa kan kogin Lopori daga Stanley Falls . Sun yi garkuwa da mutane daga kauyukan da ke kusa da su don neman kudin fansa a madadin hauren giwa . A shekara ta 1892 sun shigar da mutanen gida cikin sojojinsu kuma sun mallaki rabin gabas na gabas. [3] The Free State ta damu da wannan ci gaba kuma a cikin 1889 ta kafa Dokar Kashe Mutuwa wadda ta ayyana cewa duk samfuran da ke yankin za su kasance ƙarƙashin ikonsu kaɗai. Har ila yau, Jihar 'Yanci ta fara kamfen na korar bayi, 'yan kasuwa da Manyema daga yankin, wanda matakin farko shi ne kafa wurin samar da kayayyaki a Basankusu a watan Mayu 1890. [3] Yaƙin neman zaɓe zai daɗe amma a ƙarshe ya yi nasara kuma dukan kwandon yana ƙarƙashin ikon Jiha Kyauta ta 1898. [4]

Jihar Free ta fara amfani da sabon ikon da ta samu na yankin wajen karbar haraji daga jama'ar yankin, inda ta yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar yin garkuwa da Manyema. [4] An fara karbar harajin ne ta hanyar hauren giwa amma a lokacin da kayan hauren giwaye suka fara yin kasa a gwiwa sai Jihar ‘Yanci ta koma roba. [3] An tattara robar daga Landolphia owariensis gentilii roba inabi waɗanda ba su da yawa a yankin tare da matsakaicin mitar kusan shuka ɗaya a kowace kadada. [5] An tattara robar ne ta hanyar danna itacen inabi na roba tare da ajiye tukunya a ƙasa don tattara latex ɗin da za a iya amfani da shi wajen samar da roba ga kasuwannin Turai. Idan kurangar suna da nisa mai nisa daga ƙasa mai tattarawa da ya hau bishiya, ya taɓa shukar ya riƙe tukunyar da ake tattarawa a ƙarƙashin itacen inabin, wataƙila har tsawon yini ɗaya. [6] Don haka tarin roba ya kasance wani tsari ne mai cike da ƙwazo wanda ya sa mutanen ƙauye ba su yarda da shi ba. Lallai sun fifita Manyema akan Hukumomin Jihar Free domin Manyema sun dauki kaya kadan ne kawai, masu daraja irin su hauren giwa ko bayi saboda nisa da kasarsu ta haihuwa alhalin jihar da jigilar kwale-kwalen da take yi, za ta iya sa jama’a su girbe robar mai karamin daraja. [4] A watan Satumba 1892 Free State tana amfani da sojojinta don kai hari tare da mamaye kauyuka a cikin kwarin Lulonga da kogin Maringa don faɗaɗa sansanin haraji . [4]

Kafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
John Thomas North

Sarki Leopold ya yanke shawarar ba da rangwame na yankinsa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wadanda za su karbi harajin roba su fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje. Da wannan a zuciyarsa ya tuntubi Kanar Birtaniya John Thomas North, wanda ya yi arziki ta hanyar yin hasashe a kan nitrates na Chile, don samun jari da za a ba da kuɗin kamfani. [4] Arewa ta amince kuma ta samar da £40,000 daga cikin 250,000 na Belgian francs '(fr) na farko. [7] Sakamakon haka, An kafa Kamfanin Rubber na Anglo-Belgian India (wanda aka fi sani da Abir) a Antwerp akan 6 Agusta 1892. [8] An raba kamfanin zuwa hannun jari 2,000 na ƙimar fr 500 kowace. Masu zuba jari na Biritaniya (ciki har da Arewa) sun mallaki hannun jari 1880 yayin da 'yan Belgium suka rike sauran hannun jari 120. Baya ga hannun jarin talakawa 2,000 akwai “ayyuka” guda 2,000 wanda ya baiwa mai hannun damar rabon ribar bayan an biya kashi 6% ga masu hannun jari. Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kwango ta kasance mai riƙe da waɗannan ayyuka 1,000. [4] A sakamakon haka, Abir ya sami keɓantaccen haƙƙi na duk samfuran gandun daji daga magudanar ruwa na Maringa-Lopori na tsawon shekaru 30 da duk ƙasa mai nisan mil ashirin da mukaman da aka keɓe kuma yana da ikon ƴan sanda a cikin iyakacin izinin. [8] Ita ma Free State sai da ta samar da bindigu da alburusai da sojoji domin su taimaka wajen kafa mukaman. [4] A cikin shiri aka umarci ma’aikatan jihar guda biyu da su kafa hedkwatar Abir a Basankusu amma da kyar aka fara hakan kafin mutanen kauyen suka tayar da mulkin jihar suka kashe mutanen biyu. [4]

Kamfanonin rangwame na Jihar Kongo, an nuna Abir da ja mai duhu

Yarjejeniyar da aka ba Abir ya kasance a arewacin kasar kuma yana daya daga cikin yankuna tara na kasuwanci da Leopold ya kafa a cikin Jamhuriyar Kwango Free. Yarjejeniyar ta yi iyaka da arewa da kogin Kongo da kuma yarjejeniyar Société Anversoise, daga gabas ta kogin Lomami da rangwamen kamfanin Lomami sannan zuwa yamma da rangwamen kamfanin Lulonga wanda ya ratsa kogin Lulonga, wanda Marnga da Lopori suka shiga. [8] Kudanci yana da Domain Crown ( Domaine de la Couronne ), mallakar Leopold mai zaman kansa, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun ƙasa a cikin Jihar 'Yanci kuma shine mafi arziki a cikin roba. [9]

Yarjejeniyar Abir ta hada da kogin Bolombo, kogin Yekokora da kogin Lomako wadanda suka kasance magudanan ruwa na manyan koguna guda biyu. Kowane rangwame yana gudanar da kansa kuma yana amfani da yankinsa na kasuwanci. Sauran manyan kamfanonin roba a cikin kasar Kongo Free State sune Société Anversoise da Kamfanin Lulonga amma Abir shine mafi girma a kasar. [2] [10]

Abir ya sake kafa hedkwatarsu a Basankusu a shekarar 1893 kuma matsayinsa a mahadar Maringa da Lopori ya baiwa Abir damar fadada rafukan da magudanan ruwansu, ya kafa sabbin mukamai a hanya. Ci gaban da aka samu ya yi tafiyar hawainiya yayin da ayyukan ’Yanci ya sa al’ummar yammaci ke adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma gabas ta kasance a hannun ‘yan bautar Manyema da Zanzibari . [11] Kamfanin na farko ya koma kan kogin Lopori ne saboda barazanar da mutanen garin suka yi masa da kuma tarin roba a Befori ya fara ne bayan da aka yi ta samun kazamin rikici tsakanin mutanen kauyen da mutanen Abir. [12]

Kafin Tsarin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Canjin farashin hannun jari na Abir Company in Yuro

Tsarin post shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin Abir. Wakilan Turai ɗaya ko biyu ne ke gudanar da kowane matsayi don sa ido kan ayyukan gida. Albashin wakili ya kasance 1,800 fr a kowace shekara, wani lokacin yana ƙaruwa zuwa 2,100 fr a shekara ta biyu, kuma daidaitaccen lokacin kwangila ya kasance shekaru uku. Wakilan sun kuma sami 60 fr na kayayyakin kasuwanci kowane wata don siyan abincinsu da su. [13] Duk da karancin albashin kwamitin kashi 2% da kowane wakili ya samu kan samar da roba ya zama mafi yawan albashin wakilan, misali wakilin a Bongandanga ya samu 16,800 fr a hukumar a shekarar 1903. A sakamakon haka, akwai mutane da yawa masu neman kowane matsayi kuma an dauki hayar wakilai tare da tsammanin za su kara yawan samarwa ta 0.5-3 ton a kowane wata. [13] An aiwatar da hakan ne ta hanyar tsawaita wannan mukami zuwa karin kauyuka ko kuma kara yawan kason da ake tsammanin za a samu daga mutanen kauyen, wanda galibi ana tilasta mata da kananan yara su ma su girbe robar. [11] Idan abin da aka samar ya faɗi ƙasa da wakilai masu ƙima sun sami raguwar ribar da suka ɓace ga kamfani daga albashinsu. [13] Kowane mukami ya kunshi wurin zama na wakili, bariki na jami’an tsaro da makami da rumfunan busar da roba da adanawa, duk an gina su ne ta hanyar amfani da aikin da mutanen kauyen suka yi. Wani matsayi na yau da kullun ya ɗauki ma'aikatan Afirka guda goma aiki don warwarewa da bushe robar, ma'aikata bakwai na wakili da kwalekwale talatin don jigilar kogin gida. An biya waɗannan kusan 36.5 fr kowace shekara a cikin kaya, yawanci 5 kilogiram na gishiri, bargo daya, adduna biyar da kayan kasuwanci zuwa darajar 6.35 fr. [13] Darektan ayyuka na Kongo ne ke kula da tsarin gidan waya a babban ofishin da ke Basankusu. [13] Wani ma'aikacin Free State a cikin rangwamen, kwamandan 'yan sanda ne ya taimaka masa a cikin aikinsa na ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki da kuma kashe kuɗi. Kwamandan ‘yan sandan shi ne ke da alhakin murkushe tashe-tashen hankula da kuma hukunta kauyukan da suka ragu a kasa. [13] Ya sami dama ga gungun mutane da masu tuhume-tuhume a Basankusu kuma yana iya sake turawa da sauri zuwa wurin da aka yi tashe-tashen hankula. [11] Manyan kwamandojin ‘yan sanda za su samu alawus-alawus da Abir ya biya. [13]

Kowane mukami ya ci gaba da ƙidayar duk maza daga ƙauyukan da ke kusa don aiwatar da harajin da aka sanya a farko a 4. kilogiram na busassun roba (8 kilogiram na rigar roba) kowane mutum a kowane mako biyu. [11] Kowane matsayi yana da karfi na 65 – 100 "ma'aikatan ƙauye", galibi tsoffin bayi dauke da bindigogi masu lodin bakin ciki, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyuka don tilasta haraji. [6] An ajiye jami'an ne a cikin kudin mutanen kauyen kuma galibi suna amfani da bulala, dauri ko kisa don ci gaba da samarwa. Wadanda suka kasa aiwatar da kason ko kuma suka yi kuskure za a iya ci tarar su har zuwa rabin albashin su ko kuma a kore su, a daure su ko kuma a yi musu bulala. [6] Baya ga ma'aikatan kauye akwai "ma'aikatan gidan waya" wadanda mutane 25-80 ne dauke da bindigogin Albini na zamani, masu dauke da bindigu wadanda suka rayu a kan mukamin kuma aka yi amfani da su wajen hukunta kauyuka da murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya. [13] An biya ma'aikatan ma'aikata irin wannan albashin ga ma'aikatan kuma duk da tsauraran yanayin aiki aikin ya kasance sananne saboda yana ba da matsayi a kan sauran mutanen kauyen. [6] Ma'aikatan na da zabin abinci, mata da kayan alatu kuma da yawa sun bar bayan zaman shekara daya da mata biyar ko shida daga nan suka sayar. [6]

Domin bin dokar Kongo sai da kamfanin ya biya mutanen kauyen don kawo musu roba, ana biyan wadannan kudade a cikin kaya. Roger Casement, Consul na Burtaniya a cikin 'Yanci State, ya rubuta biyan kuɗi na wuka mai inci tara na ƙimar 1.25 fr don cikakken kwandon roba, wuka mai inci biyar mai daraja 0.75 fr don ƙarancin cikakken kwando da beads masu daraja 0.25 fr don ƙaramin adadin roba. [14] Amma duk da haka babban abin da ya sa mutanen ƙauye su kawo roba ba ƙananan kuɗin ba ne amma tsoron azaba. Idan mutum bai cika kasonsa ba, watakila Abir ya yi garkuwa da iyalinsa, aka sake shi sai an cika kason. Shi kansa mutumin ba a daure shi ba domin hakan zai hana shi diban roba. [14] Daga baya jami'ai za su ɗaure shugaban kowane ƙauyen da ya faɗi bayan adadin sa, a cikin Yuli 1902 wani matsayi da aka rubuta cewa yana riƙe da sarakuna 44 a kurkuku. Wadannan gidajen yari sun kasance a cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ofisoshin a Bongandanga da Mompono sun rubuta adadin mutuwar fursunoni uku zuwa goma a kowace rana a cikin 1899. [14] An tura waɗanda ke da bayanan bijirewa kamfanin zuwa sansanonin aikin tilastawa. Akwai aƙalla uku daga cikin waɗannan sansanonin, ɗaya a Lireko, ɗaya a Kogin Upper Maringa da ɗaya a kan kogin Lopori na sama. [14] Bugu da ƙari, an kuma yi amfani da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku a kan masu adawa da haraji tare da bulala har zuwa 200 tare da chicotte, bulala mai ɓoye na hippopotamus, ana ruwaito. Wasu wakilai za su ɗaure maza a kan dandamali suna fuskantar rana ko kuma su ƙone su da ɗanko daga itacen kwal don yin hukunci. [14]

Fadada da Sake Kafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ribar Abir daga 1892 zuwa 1903, layin yana nuna yanayin gaba ɗaya inda bayanai suka ɓace

Kamfanin Abir ya tara tan 70 na roba da aka busar a shekarar 1895, wanda ya karu zuwa tan 410 a 1898, lokacin da yake da wuraren aiki guda goma sha ɗaya. A lokaci guda, farashin roba ya tashi daga 6.30 zuwa 6.50 faranshi kowanne kilo a 1894 zuwa 8.04–10.00 faranshi kowanne kilo a 1898. Kudaden Abir a 1897 sun kai 0.25 fr kowanne kilo don siyan roba daga masu tarawa (a matsayin haraji), 0.4 fr don sufuri, 0.25 fr harajin fitarwa da aka biya ga Jamhuriyar Kwango Free, da 0.45 fr don ajiya, jimillar kudin ya kai 1.35 fr kowanne kilo. A wannan shekarar, Abir na iya sayar da roba a Turai har zuwa 10 fr kowanne kilo. Ribar Abir ta karu da yawan roba da kuma hauhawar farashi; a cikin shekaru biyu na farko (1892–94), kamfanin ya samu ribar 131,340 fr, amma zuwa 1898 wannan ya karu sau ashirin inda suka samu ribar 2,482,697 fr a shekara guda. Saboda haka, rabon riba da aka biya a 1898 ya kai 1,100 fr ga kowanne hannun jari na 500 fr. Wannan riba ta samu duk da hauhawar kudade saboda ninka harajin fitarwa a 1892 da kuma gina layin dogo daga Leopoldville zuwa Matadi a 1894 wanda ya kara kudin jigilar roba zuwa bakin teku zuwa 0.63 fr kowanne kilo, fiye da duk kudin jigilar zuwa Antwerp a 1892.

Kamfanin Abir ya shiga cikin rushewa a 1898 a matsayin hanyar kaucewa biyan haraji da kuma tserewa dokokin kasuwanci na Belgium. Nan take aka sake kafa shi a Jamhuriyar Kwango Free a matsayin Kamfanin Abir Congo. Sunan bai sake kasancewa gajeriyar kalmar Anglo-Belgian India Rubber ba, sai dai ya zama suna da kansa. Wannan canjin ya faru ne saboda kamfanin bai sake samun goyon bayan jarin Birtaniya ba, wani bangare saboda mutuwar Kanar North da kuma sayar da hannun jarinsa daga magadansa. Sabon kamfanin yana da tsarin hannun jari mai sauki da hannun jari 2,000 (na darajar 14,300 fr kowanne) da aka raba tsakanin masu zuba jari. Jiha Kyauta ta rike 1,000 daga cikin wadannan hannun jari. Tunda Abir yanzu yana da zama na haraji a Kwango, Jiha Kyauta tana karɓar kashi 2% na ribarsu ta hanyar harajin kamfani, ban da harajin fitarwa na 0.5 fr kowanne kilo. Duk jarin farko da aka zuba an riga an biya su da kuma kudaden kayan aiki a Afirka da kuma kadarori da kayan aiki a Antwerp zuwa 1899. A 1900 Abir ya kai iyakar yankin da aka ba shi wanda ya kai hekta miliyan takwas. Shekaru uku masu zuwa an yi amfani da su wajen cike gibin tsakanin wuraren da ke akwai, kuma zuwa 1903 Abir yana da iko da wurare 49, wanda wakilai 58 ke gudanarwa. 1900 ita ce shekarar da Abir ya fi samun riba, inda hannun jarin Jiha Kyauta da haraji suka samar da kudin shiga na 2,567,880.50 fr ga jiha, kashi 10% na jimillar shekarar. Ribar hannun jari a 1900 ta kai 2,100 fr, a farkon shekarun 1890 tana kusa da 2 fr kowanne hannun jari.

Raguwar karfi da cin zarafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana korar mutanen kauye daga Baringa don samar da gona

Ana iya tara roba daga itacen inabi ta hanyar sarewar inabin da matsa latex din yayin da yake kwance a ƙasa.[6] Wannan hanya ce mai sauƙi fiye da ta wanda ba ta lalata shukar, kuma ana yin ta ne domin cika harajin da aka dora musu da kuma guje wa hukunci, musamman bayan shuke-shuke sun fara ƙarewa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mutanen kauye da suka yi imanin cewa idan roba ta ƙare, Abir zai bar yankin sun yanke inabin da gangan.[15] Sakamakon haka, dukkanin itatuwan roba a cikin nisan kilomita 10 daga Basankasu sun kare cikin watanni 18 da budewar sansanin.[15] Don rage irin wannan lalacewa, Abir ya fitar da doka a 1892 da 1904 da ta hana amfani da hanyoyin lalata wajen girbin roba, amma ba su yi tasiri sosai ba.[15] A 1896, Jamhuriyar Congo Free State ta umarci Abir ya shuka itatuwan roba guda 150 a kowane ton daya na roba da aka fitar domin maye gurbin itatuwan da aka lalata. Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 500 a 1902.[15] Zuwa 1903 gonar Bongandanga na da fiye da shuke-shuke miliyan daya, kuma zuwa 1904 kowanne sansanin Abir yana da ma'aikata kimanin dari da ke kula da gonar.[15] Duk da haka, wannan shiri bai yi nasara ba, domin wakilan Abir ba sa jinkirin fiye da shekaru biyu a wani wuri kuma ba su damu da aikin gona wanda zai amfanar da wanda zai gajesu ba.[11][15] Ma’aikatan kula da gandun daji na Free State sun lura cewa gonakin Abir sun fi kankanta ko kuma a takarda kawai suke wanzuwa.[15] Abir ya kuma shuka wasu inabi da suka kama da Landolphia amma ba sa samar da roba, saboda haka Free State ta umarce su da su koma shuka Clitandra wanda ya fi sauƙin gane shi amma ba ya fitar da roba cikin shekaru takwas na farko.[15] Babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa gonakin sun taba fitar da roba.[15] A 1904, Abir ya fara ƙarewa da shuke-shuken roba da za a tace, kuma samar da roba ya ragu zuwa rabin na 1903 wato tan 1000.[16][17] Zuwa 1904, shuke-shuken roba da ke cikin mil 50 na sansanin Abir sun gushe, wanda ya jawo rikice-rikicen da suka hada da karairaya tsakanin kauyuka masu juna don mamaye itatuwan da suka rage.[18] A 1905 yankin Lulonga dake yamma da Abir ya fitar da tan 7 kacal na roba.[19]

Zaman Abir ya kara tsananta illar bala’o’in dabi’a kamar yunwa da cututtuka. Tsarin harajin Abir ya tilasta maza fita daga kauyuka domin tara roba, wanda ya hana samun ma'aikata don noma sabbin filayen. Hakan ya sa mata suka ci gaba da noman tsoffin filaye, wanda ya sa amfanin gona ya ragu, lamarin da ya kara tsananta da sata amfanin gona da dabbobi da 'yan Abir ke yi.[20] Sansanin Bonginda ya gamu da yunwa a 1899, sannan a 1900, mishanori suka rubuta cewa akwai “yunwar da ta fi muni” a yankin Abir. 'Ya’yan mutanen Abir a yau suna kiran lokacin mulkin kamfanin da suna “Lonkali”, wato lokacin yunwa.[20] Cuta ma ta yadu, musamman daji da ya taso daga gabas da aka samu a Upper Lopori a 1893 sannan ya isa Bongandanga a 1901. A lokaci guda, wata annoba daga yamma ta hallaka kauyuka a gefen Lulonga a 1899, sannan ta isa Basankusu a 1902.[20] Ciwon barci shima ya yadu kusa da Lulonga tun 1900 ya bazu zuwa Maringa da Lopori. Duk da haka, cututtukan da suka fi kashe mutane sune na huhu da hanji, wadanda suka kashe mutane fiye da sau ashirin fiye da ciwon barci da daji tare.[20] Aƙalla wani mishanori ya danganta yaduwar cututtuka da tarin roba.[20]

Roger Casement, marubucin Casement Report

An fara samun rahotannin cin zarafin da Abir ke yi ga mutanen kauye tun bayan fara ayyukansu a Congo ta bakin mishanori, amma bayyananniyar shaidar farko ta fito ne a 1901 lokacin da tsohon wakili ya buga rahoto a wasu jaridun Belgium.[17] Jihar Free State ta fara bincike a kan cin zarafin Abir, inda aka kafa bincike a Bongandanga da ya saurari mishanori. A sakamakon haka, Abir ya fara haramta jigilar wasikun mishanori da kwale-kwalen kamfani, tsare jiragen su da kwace wasiku.[17] Abir ya hana mishanori sayen abinci daga mutanen kauye, yana tilasta musu su saya daga shagunansa. A 1904, Roger Casement ya fitar da Casement Report wadda ta la’anci tsarin Abir; hakan ya sa Jihar Free State ta sake kaddamar da bincike a shekarar.[17] Ko da yake binciken ya gano kashe-kashen da Abir suka yi ba bisa doka ba, ba su da ikon kama kowa, sai dai su mika rahoto ga mahukunta. Rashin aiwatarwa ya lalata dangantaka da mishanori har da kokarin kashe mishanori guda.[17] Gwamnan French Congo daga arewa maso yamma ya bayyana cewa kafin 1903 mutane 30,000 sun tsere daga Free State zuwa kasar Faransa saboda cin zarafin Abir.[21]

Hakanan an san cewa Abir ta tilasta danne bore na al’ummomin Yamongo, Boonde, Bofongi, Lilangi, Bokenda, Pukaonga da Kailangi a kusa da karshen ƙarni. ’Yan tsaron Abir biyar sun mutu kusa da Bongandanga a 1901 da 1902. An tilasta wa Boangi da Likeli su koma kusa da sansanin Bosow. A 1903, sojojin Abir sun hana ƙaura daga Lika da kauyuka kusa da Samba.[20] Don hana karancin ƙaura, Abir ya kafa tsarin takardar izinin balaguro tsakanin kauyuka.[20] A sansanin Momponi, wakilin Abir ya jagoranci farmakin ramuwar gayya ga kabilar Seketulu wanda ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula 400, tare da ɗaruruwan da aka kama aka tura kurkuku, inda 100 suka mutu. Lokacin da kabilar Nsongo Mboyo suka yi yunkurin ƙaura, mutane 1,000 aka kama aka tura sansanin tilasin aiki.[10] Kabilun Likongo, Lianja, Nkole, Yan a-Yanju, Nongo-Ingoli da Lofoma duk sun yi nasarar tserewa zuwa yankin Tshuapa.[10] Duk da wannan rikice-rikicen, Abir ta samu karuwar fitar da roba a 190.

Yunkurin Sauyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Leopold ya ji kunya saboda korafe-korafen da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi game da take hakkin dan Adam a Jihar 'Yancin Congo, kuma ya tura Kwamitin Bincike don binciken duka yankin Congo. Wannan kwamiti ya kai ziyara ofishin kamfanin Abir daga 1 ga Disamba 1904 zuwa 5 ga Janairu 1905, kuma duk da yunkurin Abir na hana shaidu bayyana, sun samu shaidun tashin hankali da kamfanin Abir ya aikata.[17] Wannan ya haɗa da lalata ƙauyuka, kisa, fyade, ɗaukar mutane da ƙarfi, da dukan mutane fiye da kima.[22][23]

Abir shi kaɗai ne kamfani da aka ambata da suna a cikin rahoton saboda tashin hankali, inda aka ce ofishinsa na daga cikin "makarƙashiya mai duhu a tarihin zaman kasar Afirka ta Tsakiya".[23] Kwamitin ya gabatar da ɗan gyara, inda suka fassara wasu dokokin da suka rigaya da kasancewa ciki, ciki har da ƙayyade awanni 40 na aiki a mako ga masu tattara roba, zaɓin biyan haraji da wasu kaya maimakon roba, da cire masu gadi daga ƙauyuka.[17]

Bayan wata biyu Leopold ya tura wani Babban Kwamishinan Masarauta zuwa ofishin Abir don duba idan ana aiwatar da sauye-sauyen. An shaida masa cewa Abir ba ta da niyyar aiwatar da kowanne gyara. Kwamishinan ya kafa wasu manyan lauyoyi biyu a ofishin Abir, amma ɗaya daga cikinsu ya binciki mishanoni ne kawai, ɗaya kuma ya gabatar da ƙarancin ƙara a kan ma'aikatan Abir.[18]

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sakamakon wannan Binciken shine ya sa Leopold ya fara yin sauye-sauye. Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko shine naɗin Richard Dorsey Mohun, wani ɗan bincike kuma soja daga Amurka, a matsayin darektan Abir.[23][24]

Mohun yana da kishin kawar da kasuwancin bayi kuma ya taɓa aiki da gwamnatocin Amurka da Belgium, inda ayyukansa suka haɗa da yaki da cin naman mutum da bayi a Jihar 'Yanci.[23][25] An ba shi cikakken iko na gudanarwa, kuma an saka shi a matsayi mai matuƙar iko da dama don gyara kura-kuran da suka gabata.[23]

Duk da wannan, matsalolin Abir sun ƙaru, kamfanin ya bayar da rahoton ƙaruwa a bore da aka yi wa mulkinsu, kuma masu gadi 142 daga cikinsu aka kashe ko aka jikkata cikin rabin farkon shekarar 1905.[26] Ƙiyayya da ta barke a ofishin Baringa ta haifar da kashe masu gadi da kuma katse kayan abinci zuwa ofishin Abir. Rundunar soja ta Abir ba ta da isasshen ƙarfi don dawo da iko a lokacin bazara da lokacin rani na 1905, sai da suka nemi taimakon sojojin gwamnati.

Manyan jami'an turawa uku tare da sojojin Jihar 'Yanci sun zaga yankin suna barazanar ƙauyuka da ramuwar gayya idan ba a samo roba ba, duk da haka babu wani rubuce-rubuce na samun roba daga 1905 zuwa 1906.[26] Haka zalika, a Mompono, rabin al’ummar yankin sun tsere, waɗanda suka rage aka tilasta musu matsugunni kusa da ofishin Abir.[27] Wakili a Bongandanga ya ƙoƙarta hana bore ta hanyar rage tarin roba daga kowane sati biyu zuwa kowane sati uku. Wannan ya yi tasiri na ɗan lokaci, amma daga baya wani ofishin Abir an ƙone shi. Kamfanin, da yake ƙi yarda da cewa an rage tsire-tsiren roba, ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa mishanoni ne ke tayar da bore.[27]

Lokacin da Viscount Mountmorres ya kai ziyara ofishin a 1905, ya bayar da rahoton ƙauyuka da aka bari gaba ɗaya, inda mutanen ƙauyen suka tsere zuwa cikin dazuka don guje wa harajin Abir.[10] Wadannan mutanen suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin baranda da aka yi da ganyaye, ba tare da wata jin daɗi ba. A watan Maris 1906, Richard Mohun, darektan Abir, ya amince cewa halin yankin ya fita daga iko kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Jihar 'Yanci ta Congo ta ɗauki ikon ofishin.[27] A watan Satumba na shekarar nan, Abir ba ta iya dakile ƙaruwa a cikin bore ba, kuma saboda raguwar riba, dole ta janye gaba ɗaya daga yankin ta mika ikon ofishin ga Jihar 'Yanci.[10][17]

A wannan lokaci, har yanzu akwai mutane 47,000 da aka rubuta a matsayin masu tara roba a takardun kamfanin.[28] Sauran manyan kamfanonin roba guda biyu a Congo, Société Anversoise da Kamfanin Lulonga, suma an karɓe ikon ofisoshinsu da gwamnati ta sake dawowa da su a hannun gwamnati a 1906.[10]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA) - Companies/Institutions folders; Rapport du conseil d'administration, Compagnie du Congo Belge" [Hamburg World Economic Archive (HWWA) - Companies/Institutions Folders; Compagnie du Congo Belge: Report of the board of directors] (in Faransanci). 5 November 1940. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  2. 1 2 Harms 1983.
  3. 1 2 3 Harms 1983.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Harms 1983.
  5. ↑ Harms 1975.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harms 1983.
  7. ↑ Ewans 2002.
  8. 1 2 3 Harms 1975.
  9. ↑ Louis 2006.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harms 1983.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Harms 1975.
  12. ↑ Harms 1983.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Harms 1983.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Harms 1983.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Harms 1975, p. 82.
  16. ↑ Ewans 2002, p. 236.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Harms 1975, p. 83.
  18. 1 2 Harms 1975, p. 84.
  19. ↑ Harms 1975, p. 87.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harms 1983, p. 135.
  21. ↑ Ewans 2002, p. 190.
  22. ↑ Congo Commission of Inquiry (1905), Evidence laid before the Congo Commission of Inquiry, retrieved 4 February 2009
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Appointment of an American", India Rubber World, p. 114, 1 January 1906
  24. ↑ "Congo post for American" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 1, 9 December 1905, ISBN 0-16-070993-8
  25. ↑ "African Explorer Dead" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 9, 15 July 1915
  26. 1 2 Harms 1975, p. 85.
  27. 1 2 3 Harms 1975, p. 86.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named christopher92

Bibiyar Tarihi

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