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Cloves sune furanni masu ƙanshi na itace a cikin dangin Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum (/sɪˈzɪdʒiːəm ˌærəˈmætɪkəm/). Su 'yan asalin Tsibirin Maluku ne, ko Moluccas, a Indonesia, kuma ana amfani da su azaman kayan yaji, dandano, ko ƙanshi a cikin samfuran masu amfani, kamar su toothpaste, sabulu, ko kayan shafawa.[1][2] Ana samun cloves a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda lokutan girbi daban-daban a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The word clove, first used in English in the 15th century, derives via Middle English clow of gilofer,[3] Anglo-French clowes de gilofre and Old French clou de girofle, from the Latin word clavus "nail". The related English word gillyflower, originally meaning "clove", derives via said Old French girofle and Latin caryophyllon, from the Greek karyophyllon "clove", literally "nut leaf".[3]

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Itacen clove itace mai tsayi ne wanda ke girma har zuwa mita 8-12 (26-39 tsayi, tare da manyan ganye da furanni masu launin ruwan kasa da aka haɗa tarin ƙarshe. Fure-fure da farko suna da launin fari, sannu a hankali suna zama kore, sannan suna canzawa zuwa ja mai haske lokacin da suke shirye don girbi. Ana girbe cloves a - in) tsawo, kuma ya ƙunshi dogon calyx wanda ya ƙare a cikin hudu masu yadawa, da kuma hudu da ba a buɗe su ba waɗanda suka samar da ƙaramin ball na tsakiya.1.5–2 centimetres (0.59–0.79 in)

Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne na ƙwayoyin fure waɗanda ke nuna kishiyar reshe. A waje, suna da launin ruwan kasa, mai laushi, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da gajeren karyewa da bushewa, katako. Cloves na uwa (anthophylli) 'ya'yan itace ne masu tsufa na cloves waɗanda suke ovoid, 'ya'ya masu launin ruwan kasa, unilocular da guda ɗaya. Cloves da aka hura sune furanni masu fadada daga abin da aka raba corollae da stamen. Cloves da suka ƙare suna da mafi yawan ko duk man da aka cire ta hanyar distillation. Ba sa samar da mai kuma suna da duhu a launi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Amfani da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry". Kew Science, Plants of the World Online. 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  2. ↑ "Clove". Drugs.com. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
  3. 1 2 Uchibayashi, M. (2001). "[Etymology of clove]". Yakushigaku Zasshi. 36 (2): 167–170. ISSN 0285-2314. PMID 11971288.
Cloves da aka bushe
Fure-fure na itace

Ana amfani da Cloves a cikin abinci na Asiya, Afirka, Rum, da Ƙasashen Kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya, suna ba da dandano ga nama (irin su naman gasa ), curries, da marinades, da 'ya'yan itace (irin su apples, pears, and rhubarb ). Ana iya amfani da ƙwanƙara don ba da halaye masu ƙamshi da ɗanɗano ga abubuwan sha masu zafi, galibi ana haɗa su da sauran sinadarai kamar lemo da sukari. Sun kasance nau'i na gama gari a cikin gaurayawan kayan yaji (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Malay rempah empat beradik - "kayan kamshi huɗu" - ban da kirfa, cardamom da anise tauraro misali ), gami da kabewa da kayan yaji.

A cikin Abincin Mexico, cloves an fi sani da clavos de olor, kuma sau da yawa suna tare da cumin da cinnamon. Ana kuma amfani da su a cikin abincin Peruvian, a cikin nau'ikan abinci iri-iri kamar carapulcra da arroz con leche.

Babban bangare na dandano na clove yana ba da sinadarin eugenol, [1] kuma yawan kayan yaji da ake buƙata yawanci karami ne. Yana da kyau tare da cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, jan ruwan inabi, Basil, albasa, citrus peel, star anise, da peppercorns.

Amfani da ba na abinci ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa ana ƙara shi zuwa betel quids don inganta ƙanshi yayin cinyewa. Ana amfani da kayan yaji a cikin wani nau'in sigari da ake kira kretek a Indonesia. An yi amfani da sigari a duk faɗin Turai, Asiya, da Amurka. A halin yanzu ana rarraba sigari a Amurka a matsayin sigari, sakamakon haramtacciyar sigari mai ɗanɗano a watan Satumbar 2009. [2][3]

Ana iya amfani da man fetur mai mahimmanci don hana ci gaban ƙura a kan nau'ikan abinci daban-daban.[4] Baya ga waɗannan amfani da clove ba na abinci ba, ana iya amfani da shi don kare itace a cikin tsarin kiyaye Al'adun al'adu, kuma ya nuna ingancin man clove mai mahimmanci ya zama mafi girma fiye da mai kiyaye itace na boron.[5] Ana iya amfani da ƙuƙwalwa don yin pomander mai ƙanshi idan aka haɗa shi da orange. Lokacin da aka ba shi kyauta a Ingila ta Victorian, irin wannan pomander ya nuna dumi na ji.

Cloves bushewa a rana

Sakamakon da ba shi da kyau da kuma amfani da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da clove don kowane dalili na magani ba a amince da shi ba daga Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka, kuma amfani da shi na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako idan mutane da ke fama da Cutar hanta, zubar da jini da cututtukan Tsarin rigakafi, ko rashin lafiyan abinci.[6]

Ana amfani da ƙuƙwalwa a cikin maganin gargajiya a matsayin mai mahimmanci, wanda aka nufa ya zama anodyne (analgesic) galibi don gaggawa na hakora. Akwai shaidar cewa man clove dauke da eugenol yana da tasiri ga ciwon hakora da sauran nau'ikan ciwo.[6][7][8] Man mai mahimmanci na ƙuƙwalwa na iya hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta na Enterococcus faecalis wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin maganin tushen da bai yi nasara ba.[9]

Ɗaya daga cikin bita ya ba da rahoton ingancin eugenol haɗe da Zinc oxide a matsayin analgesic don alveolar osteitis.[10] Nazarin don tantance tasirinsa don rage zazzabi, a matsayin mai hana sauro, da kuma hana zubar da ciki da wuri ba a kammala shi ba.[6][7] Ya kasance ba a tabbatar da ko matakan sukari na jini suna raguwa ta hanyar cloves ko man clove ba.[7] Ana iya amfani da man mai mahimmanci a cikin Aromatherapy.[6]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cibiyar cinikin teku ta Australiya ta tarihi da tarihi a Tekun Indiya

Har zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka, cloves kawai sun girma a kan wasu tsibirai a cikin Moluccas (a tarihi ana kiransu Spice Islands), gami da Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, da Tidore.

Mutanen Austronesian ne suka fara siyar da cloves a cikin hanyar cinikin teku ta Austronesian (wanda ya fara a kusa da 1500 BC, daga baya ya zama Hanyar Silk ta Maritime kuma wani ɓangare na Kasuwancin Spice). Misali na farko na aikin gona na zamani ya bunkasa a gabashin Madagascar, kuma ana noma shi a hanyoyi uku daban-daban, monoculture, wuraren shakatawa na noma, da tsarin agroforestry.[11] [ana buƙatar hujja]

Masanin binciken kayan tarihi Giorgio Buccellati ya sami cloves a Terqa, Siriya, a cikin gidan da aka ƙone wanda aka rubuta a 1720 BC a lokacin mulkin Khana. Wannan ita ce shaidar farko da aka yi amfani da cloves a yamma kafin zamanin Roma. An fara bayar da rahoton binciken ne a shekarar 1978. Sun isa Roma a ƙarni na farko AD. [12][13][14] 

Sauran binciken archaeological na cloves sun hada da: A shafin Batujaya an sami clove guda ɗaya a cikin wani ruwa mai ruwa wanda ya kasance tsakanin 100s BC zuwa 200s BC wanda ya dace da Al'adun Buni na wannan shafin. Wani binciken da aka yi a shafin Óc Eo a cikin Mekong Delta na Vietnam ya sami hatsi na cloves a kan kayan aikin dutse da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa abinci. An mallaki wannan shafin daga ƙarni na farko zuwa na takwas BC, kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ga Masarautar Funnan.[15] An gano ƙuƙwalwa biyu a lokacin binciken archaeological a birnin Sri Lanka na Mantai wanda aka rubuta a kusa da 900-1100 AD.[16][17]

An ambaci cloves a cikin Ramayana . An kuma ambaci cloves a cikin Charaka Samhita. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na shaidar wallafe-wallafen cloves a kasar Sin ya fito ne daga littafin Han Guan Yi (Etiquettes of the Officialdom of the Han Dynasty, wanda ya kasance a kusa da 200 BC). Littafin ya bayyana dokar cewa ministoci ya kamata su sha cloves don su da numfashi kafin su yi magana da sarki. Daga rubuce-rubucen Sinanci a lokacin Daular Song (960 zuwa 1279 AD) an shigo da cloves da farko ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ake kira Ofisoshin Jirgin Ruwa, waɗanda suka sayi kayayyaki daga matsakaici a cikin siyasar Austronesian na Java, Srivijaya, Champa, da Butuan. A lokacin Daular Yuan (1271 zuwa 1368 AD) 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin sun fara aika jiragen ruwa kai tsaye zuwa Moluccas don kasuwanci don cloves, da sauran kayan yaji. [15][18][ana buƙatar hujja]

Liber Pontificalis ya rubuta kyautar da Passinopolis ya yi a ƙarƙashin Paparoma Sylvester I. Wannan kyautar ta haɗa da dukiyar Masar, kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara, 150 libra (kimanin 50 kg ko 108 lb) na cloves, da sauran adadin kayan yaji da papyrus. Cosmas Indicopleustis a cikin littafinsa Topographia Christiana ya tsara tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Sri Lanka, kuma ya ba da labarin cewa Indiyawa sun ce cloves, da sauran kayayyaki, sun zo ne daga wuraren da ba a bayyana su ba tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na teku. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="I would like to cite the Topographia Christiana (July 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Har ila yau, ƙuƙwalwa sun kasance a cikin rubuce-rubuce a China, Sri Lanka, Kudancin Indiya, Farisa, da Oman a kusan ƙarni na uku zuwa ƙarni na biyu BC.[12][13][14] Wadannan ambaton "ƙuƙwalwa" da aka ruwaito a China, Kudancin Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fito ne daga kafin kafa kasuwancin teku na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Amma duk waɗannan kuskuren ganewa ne waɗanda ke nufin wasu tsire-tsire (kamar cassia buds, cinnamon, ko Nutmeg); ko kuma shigo da su ne daga Maritime Southeast Asia da aka gano a matsayin waɗanda aka samar da su a cikin waɗannan yankuna.[18]

Masu binciken ilimin kimiyya sun dawo da misalin farko da aka sani na cloves na macro-botanical a arewa maso yammacin Turai daga fashewar jirgin ruwa na Danish-Norwegian, Gribshunden . Jirgin ya nutse a kusa da Ronneby, Sweden a watan Yunin 1495 yayin da Sarki Hans ke tafiya zuwa taron siyasa a Kalmar, Sweden. Abubuwan alatu masu ban sha'awa ciki har da cloves, ginger, peppercorns, da saffron za su burge manyan mutane da manyan jami'an coci a taron.[19]

An rubuta ƙuƙwalwa a cikin ayyukan binnewa na Turawa daga ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai zuwa farkon zamani. A lokacin gyare-gyare a kan Grote Kerk na Breda an sake gano kabarin da aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1475 da 1526 AD ta mambobi takwas na gidan Nassau. Dole ne a motsa waɗannan kaburbura, amma kafin a sake binne waɗannan kaburbura an yi nazarin su don ragowar botanical. Kabarin Cimberga van Baden ya ƙunshi pollen daga cloves. Likitan Dutch Pieter Van Foreest ya rubuta girke-girke da yawa don embalming wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da cloves. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan girke-girke da ya rubuta shi ne wanda abokan aikinsa likitoci Spierinck da Goethals suka yi amfani da shi.[20] Wani kwalba da ke da alaƙa da Vittoria della Rovere kuma yana dauke da pollen. Wannan mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga cinyewar man clove a matsayin magani a kwanakin karshe. [21] [22][23] Lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙaura da jana'iza daga cocin Saint Germain a Flowers, Faransa an kuma yi nazarin su don ragowar botanical. Jikin da akwatin gawa na Philippe René de la Motte Ango, mai suna Flers wanda aka binne a 1737 AD ya ƙunshi dukkan cloves.[24]

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ana sayar da cloves kamar mai, tare da iyaka a kan fitarwa.[25] Yayinda Kamfanin Dutch East India ya karfafa iko da cinikin kayan yaji a karni na 17, sun nemi samun iko a cikin cloves kamar yadda suke da shi a cikin nutmeg. Koyaya, "ba kamar nutmeg da mace ba, waɗanda aka iyakance su ga minti Bandas, itatuwan clove sun girma a duk faɗin Moluccas, kuma cinikin cloves ya wuce iyakantaccen ikon 'yan sanda na kamfanin". Ɗaya daga cikin itatuwan clove mai suna Afo wanda masana suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi tsufa a duniya a kan Ternate na iya zama shekaru 350-400. An gaya wa masu yawon bude ido cewa wani Faransanci mai suna Pierre Poivre ya sace shuke-shuke daga wannan itacen a cikin 1770, ya tura shi zuwa Isle de France (Mauritius), sannan daga baya zuwa Zanzibar, wanda ya kasance mafi girma a duniya mai samar da cloves.[25]

Shugabannin yanzu a cikin samar da clove sune Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, da Comoros.[26] Indonesia ita ce mafi girma mai samar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma kusan kashi 10-15% ne kawai ake fitar da ƙwayoyi, kuma a wasu lokuta dole ne a cika raguwar cikin gida da shigo da su daga Madagascar.[26] Lardin Maluku na zamani ya kasance mafi girman tushen cloves a Indonesia tare da kusan 15% na samar da ƙasa, kodayake larduna da suka hada da tsibirin Sulawesi sun samar da sama da 40% gaba ɗaya.[27]

Kayan shafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Maganin eugenol yana da alhakin mafi yawan ƙanshin ƙanshin cloves.

Eugenol ya ƙunshi 72-90% na man fetur mai mahimmanci da aka cire daga cloves, kuma shine fili mafi alhakin ƙanshin clove.[1][28] Cikakken cirewa yana faruwa a minti 80 a cikin ruwa mai matsin lamba a 125 °C (257 °F) ° C (257 ° F). [29] Hanyoyin cirewa da taimakon ultrasound da microwave suna samar da karin saurin cirewa tare da ƙananan farashin makamashi.[30]

Sauran phytochemicals na man clove sun hada da acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene, vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins, kamar bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate, flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, da eugenitin, triterpenoids kamar oleanolic acid, Stigmasterol, da campesterol da sesquiterpenes da yawa.[1][31][6] Kodayake ba a rarraba eugenol ba saboda yiwuwar guba, an nuna cewa yana da guba don gwada kwayoyin a cikin maida hankali na 50, 75, da 100 MG a kowace lita. [28][32] 

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kasuwancin kayan yaji
  • Cinnamomum cassia
  • Tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida na Austronesia
  • Gallic acid
  • Kayan kashe kwari
  • Shuka mai magani

Manzarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 Kamatou, G. P.; Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A. M. (2012). "Eugenol--from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule". Molecules. 17 (6): 6953–81. doi:10.3390/molecules17066953. PMC 6268661. PMID 22728369.
  2. ↑ "Flavored Tobacco". FDA. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  3. ↑ "The Tobacco Control Act's Ban of Clove Cigarettes and the WTO: A Detailed Analysis" (in Turanci). Congressional Research Service Reports. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  4. ↑ Ju, Jian; Xu, Xiaomiao; Xie, Yunfei; Guo, Yahui; Cheng, Yuliang; Qian, He; Yao, Weirong (2018). "Inhibitory effects of cinnamon and clove essential oils on mold growth on baked foods". Food Chemistry (in Turanci). 240: 850–855. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.120. PMID 28946351.
  5. ↑ Pop, Dana-Mihaela; Timar, Maria Cristina; Varodi, Anca Maria; Beldean, Emanuela Carmen (December 2021). "An evaluation of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil as a potential alternative antifungal wood protection system for cultural heritage conservation". Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología (in Turanci). 24. doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2022000100411. ISSN 0718-221X. S2CID 245952586 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named drugs
  7. 1 2 3 "Clove". MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
  8. ↑ "Eugenol - COLCORONA Clinical Trial". www.colcorona.net. Archived from the original on 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  9. ↑ Sarahfin Aslan; Masriadi; Nur Rahmah Hasanuddin; Andi Tenri Biba Mallombasang; Nur Azizah a.r (2022). "Effectiveness of Mixed Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum) And Sweet Wood (Cinnamon Burmanni) on the Growth of Enterococcus Faecalis". Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 16 (1): 1089–1094. doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17639. S2CID 245045753 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  10. ↑ Taberner-Vallverdú, M.; Nazir, M.; Sanchez-Garces, M. Á.; Gay-Escoda, C. (2015). "Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management: A systematic review". Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 20 (5): e633–e639. doi:10.4317/medoral.20589. PMC 4598935. PMID 26116842.
  11. ↑ Arimalala, Natacha; Penot, Eric; Michels, Thierry; Rakotoarimanana, Vonjison; Michel, Isabelle; Ravaomanalina, Harisoa; Roger, Edmond; Jahiel, Michel; Leong Pock Tsy, Jean-Michel; Danthu, Pascal (August 2019). "Clove based cropping systems on the east coast of Madagascar: how history leaves its mark on the landscape". Agroforestry Systems (in Turanci). 93 (4): 1577–1592. Bibcode:2019AgrSy..93.1577A. doi:10.1007/s10457-018-0268-9. ISSN 0167-4366. S2CID 49583653.
  12. 1 2 (Matthew ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. 1 2 (Titi Surti ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. 1 2 "Cloves". Silk Routes. The University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  15. 1 2 Wang, Weiwei; Nguyen, Khanh Trung Kien; Zhao, Chunguang; Hung, Hsiao-chun (2023-07-21). "Earliest curry in Southeast Asia and the global spice trade 2000 years ago". Science Advances (in Turanci). 9 (29): eadh5517. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H5517W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh5517. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10361603 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37478176 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor (15 January 2019). "World's oldest clove? Here's what our find in Sri Lanka says about the early spice trade". The Conversation (in Turanci).
  17. ↑ Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Bohingamuwa, Wijerathne; Perera, Nimal; Adikari, Gamini; Crowther, Alison; Fuller, Dorian Q; Boivin, Nicole (December 2018). "Spice and rice: pepper, cloves and everyday cereal foods at the ancient port of Mantai, Sri Lanka". Antiquity (in Turanci). 92 (366): 1552–1570. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.168. ISSN 0003-598X.
  18. 1 2 Ptak, Roderich (January 1993). "China and the Trade in Cloves, Circa 960–1435". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 113 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/604192. JSTOR 604192.
  19. ↑ Larsson, Mikael; Foley, Brendan (2023-01-26). "The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 18 (1): e0281010. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881010L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9879437 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36701280 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Vermeeren, Caroline; van Haaster, Henk (June 2002). "The embalming of the ancestors of the Dutch royal family". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany (in Turanci). 11 (1–2): 121–126. Bibcode:2002VegHA..11..121V. doi:10.1007/s003340200013. ISSN 0939-6314.
  21. ↑ Schrage, Scott. "In case you missed it: Study reveals deathbed detail of 17th-century duchess". University of Nebraska Lincoln Newsroom. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  22. ↑ Wei-Haas, Maya (21 September 2018). "Noble's Embalming Jar Reveals Traces of 17th-Century Medicine". National Geographic. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  23. ↑ Reinhard, Karl; Lynch, Kelsey B.; Larsen, Annie; Adams, Braymond; Higley, Leon; do Amaral, Marina Milanello; Russ, Julia; Zhou, You; Lippi, Donatella; Morrow, Johnica J.; Piombino-Mascali, Dario (October 2018). "Pollen evidence of medicine from an embalming jar associated with Vittoria della Rovere, Florence, Italy". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (in Turanci). 21: 238–242. Bibcode:2018JArSR..21..238R. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.06.039.
  24. ↑ Corbineau, Rémi; Ruas, Marie-Pierre; Barbier-Pain, Delphine; Fornaciari, Gino; Dupont, Hélène; Colleter, Rozenn (January 2018). "Plants and aromatics for embalming in Late Middle Ages and modern period: a synthesis of written sources and archaeobotanical data (France, Italy)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany (in Turanci). 27 (1): 151–164. Bibcode:2018VegHA..27..151C. doi:10.1007/s00334-017-0620-4. ISSN 0939-6314.
  25. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC
  26. 1 2 Pratama, Adnan Putra; Darwanto, Dwidjono Hadi; Masyhuri, Masyhuri (2020-02-01). "Indonesian Clove Competitiveness and Competitor Countries in International Market". Economics Development Analysis Journal. 9 (1): 39–54. doi:10.15294/edaj.v9i1.38075. ISSN 2252-6560. S2CID 219679994.
  27. ↑ "OUTLOOK KOMODITAS PERKEBUNAN PUSAT DATA DAN SISTEM INFORMASI PERTANIAN SEKRETARIAT JENDERAL - KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN TAHUN 2022 CENGKEH" (PDF) (in Harshen Indunusiya). Ministry of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  28. 1 2 "Eugenol". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 2 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  29. ↑ Rovio, S.; Hartonen, K.; Holm, Y.; Hiltunen, R.; Riekkola, M.-L. (7 February 2000). "Extraction of clove using pressurized hot water". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 14 (6): 399–404. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199911/12)14:6<399::AID-FFJ851>3.0.CO;2-A.
  30. ↑ Khalil, A.A.; ur Rahman, U.; Khan, M.R.; Sahar, A.; Mehmood, T.; Khan, M. (2017). "Essential oil eugenol: sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives". RSC Advances. 7 (52): 32669–32681. Bibcode:2017RSCAd...732669K. doi:10.1039/C7RA04803C.
  31. ↑ Li-Ming Bao, Eerdunbayaer; Nozaki, Akiko; Takahashi, Eizo; Okamoto, Keinosuke; Ito, Hideyuki; Hatano, Tsutomu (2012). "Hydrolysable tannins isolated from Syzygium aromaticum: Structure of a new c-glucosidic ellagitannin and spectral features of tannins with a tergalloyl group". Heterocycles. 85 (2): 365–381. doi:10.3987/COM-11-12392.
  32. ↑ Gueretz, Juliano Santos; Somensi, Cleder Alexandre; Martins, Maurício Laterça; Souza, Antonio Pereira de (2017-12-07). "Evaluation of eugenol toxicity in bioassays with test-organisms". Ciência Rural. 47 (12). doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170194. ISSN 1678-4596.
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