Kanunname na 1889
| Kanunname na 1889 | |
|---|---|
| Asali | |
| Lokacin bugawa | 1889 |
| Characteristics | |
Kanunname na 1889 shine kanunname (Code of law) wanda Sultan Abdul Hamid II ya fitar a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1889. Ya haramta shigo da bayin Afirka daga ƙasashen waje zuwa Daular Usmaniyya. An gabatar da shi ne saboda matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na Burtaniya don jiran taron yaki da bauta na Brussels 1889-90. Dokar ta ƙunshi hukunce-hukuncen yaƙi da bautar da bayi da suka gabata a cikin wani kundin doka. Ita ce dokar yaki da bauta ta farko wacce a zahiri aka aiwatar da ita a daular Usmaniyya, kuma ta haifar da raguwar cinikin bayi.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turawan Ingila sun daɗe suna kamfen na yin matsin lamba kan Daular Usmaniyya don takaita cinikin bayi da bauta a Daular Usmaniyya. Firman na shekarar 1854 da Firman na shekarar 1857 sun haramta cinikin bayi na Circassian da cinikin bayi na Afirka bi da bi; Yarjejeniyar cinikin bayi ta Anglo-Masar ta haramta shigo da bayin Afirka ta Masar ta Daular Usmaniyya; da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1880 ta bai wa Biritaniya ‘yancin bincikar duk wani jirgin da ake zargin bayi a cikin ruwan Ottoman.
Duk da haka, dokokin da Ottoman suka yi na cinikin bayi sun kasance na musamman, wanda aka gabatar da su don amfanin diflomasiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa saboda matsin lamba na ƙasashen yamma, kuma hukumomin lardin Ottoman ba su aiwatar da wannan doka ba. Saboda yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi a baya na dokar hana bautar da ba ta tilastawa ba, an ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓen Burtaniya na matsin lamba na diflomasiyya. A cikin shekarar 1882, Birtaniyya ta gabatar da wata ƙa'idar dokar hana bautar da Porte, kuma a cikin shekarar 1883, sun gabatar da wani daftarin doka na biyu. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya daɗe bai yi nasara ba.
Rahoton doka da aka ƙayyade na shekarar 1889
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin jiran tsammani na Brussels Anti-Slave taron shekara ta 1889-90, wanda ya kamata ya faru a watan Nuwamba 1889, Birtaniya yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Porte a ƙarshe ya samu nasara. Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya nuna wa Porte cewa Daular Ottoman ya kamata ta gamu da zargi game da mummunar aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman na shekarar 1880 a taron yaki da bautar da ake yi a Brussels mai zuwa sai dai idan sun ɗauki mataki kafin lokacin, amma wannan mummunan aikin yaki da bautar zai sami nasarar daular Ottoman ra'ayin Turai.[1]
A ƙarshe matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na Burtaniya ya ba da sakamako lokacin da Sultan Abdul Hamid II ya gabatar da Kanunname na shekarar 1889 a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1889.[2]
Ƙididdiga na doka ta ƙunshi labarai goma waɗanda galibi sun taƙaita duk wasu hukunce-hukuncen farko na yaƙi da bauta da cinikin bayi a cikin kundin doka ɗaya.[3] Sabanin dokar da ta gabata, sunan Kanun na shekarar 1889 ba hukunci ba ne amma kundin doka. Har ila yau, yana da muhimmanci ya gabatar da wata hanya ta shari'a don bincike da bincike game da laifin, da kuma hukunci na ainihi, tare da tarar Lira biyar na Ottoman don cinikin bayi.[4]
Ƙididdiga ta doka ta cika yawancin buƙatun da Birtaniyya suka gabatar kuma galibi kwafin daftarin doka ne na shekarar 1883. Ta haramta duk wani shigo da bayin Afirka daga ƙasashen waje ta kan iyakoki zuwa daular Usmaniyya; duk da haka bai gabatar da wani hukunci na siyar da bayi a cikin iyakokin daular ba, wanda ya jawo wasu sukar Birtaniyya don rashin ƙarfi.[5] Bugu da ƙari, dokar ta yi magana game da cinikin bayi daga Afirka, ba cinikin bayin da ba na Afirka ba, don haka ba ta hana cinikin bayi na Circassian na bayi na Afirka ba.
Bayan haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gabatar da sunan Kanunname na 1889 domin Daular Usmaniyya ta samu damar halartar taron yaki da bautar da ake yi a Brussels ba tare da an yi musu kakkausar suka ba saboda munanan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman da ta gabata ta shekarar 1880, kuma an cimma wannan buri. Daular Ottoman na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka sanya hannu kan dokar taron Brussels na shekarar 1890. Wannan aiki ya wajabta wa Daular Usmaniyya ta ‘yantar da dukkan bayin da aka shigo da su daular ba bisa ka’ida ba, tare da baiwa dukkan ofisoshin jakadancin ƙasashen waje damar kwato ‘yan ƙasarsu da aka yi wa bauta a daular tun daga shekarar 1889 zuwa gaba, kuma an aiwatar da wannan aiki a shekara ta 1892.[6]
Sunan Kanunname na 1889 shine dokar Ottoman ta farko da ta hana bautar da hukumomin Ottoman suka aiwatar.[7] Yayin da ake ci gaba da jure wa bautar bayi, an rage cinikin bayi na Afirka daga shekarun 1890 zuwa gaba. Kasuwancin bayi ya ci gaba da ƙarami har zuwa ƙarshen daular Ottoman a ƙarni na 20, inda bayi inda har yanzu ana sayar da su a fili a cikin shekarar 1908.[8]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Bawan Anglo-Masar
- Taron Anglo-Ottoman na 1880
- Hizmetci Idaresi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan aukuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gabatar da Kanunname na shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara 1889 don Daular Ottoman ta iya halartar Taron Yaki da Bautar Brussels ba tare da an zarge ta da mummunar aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta baya ta shekara ta alif dari takwas da tamamin1880, kuma an cimma wannan burin ba. Daular Ottoman tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890. Wannan aikin ya tilasta wa Daular Ottoman ta 'yantar da duk bayi da aka shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Daular, da kuma ba da damar duk ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje su dawo da 'yan ƙasarsu waɗanda aka bautar da su a Daular daga shekara alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara 1889 zuwa gaba, kuma an aiwatar da wannan aikin a shekara ta 1892.
Bayan aukuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gabatar da Kanunname na shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara 1889 don Daular Ottoman ta iya halartar Taron Yaki da Bautar Brussels ba tare da an zarge ta da mummunar aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta baya ta shekara ta alif dari takwas da tamamin1880, kuma an cimma wannan burin ba. Daular Ottoman tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890. Wannan aikin ya tilasta wa Daular Ottoman ta 'yantar da duk bayi da aka shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Daular, da kuma ba da damar duk ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje su dawo da 'yan ƙasarsu waɗanda aka bautar da su a Daular daga shekara alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara 1889 zuwa gaba, kuma an aiwatar da wannan aikin a shekara ta 1892.
Kanunname na shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara 1889 shine dokar Ottoman ta farko game da bautar da hukumomin Ottoman suka aiwatar. Yayinda ake ci gaba da jure wa bautar, an rage cinikin bayi na Afirka daga shekarun alif dari takwas da casain 1890 zuwa gaba. Cinikin bayi ya ci gaba, duk da haka, a cikin karami har zuwa ƙarshen Daular Ottoman a cikin karni na 20, inda har yanzu ana sayar da bayi a fili a cikin jama'a har zuwa ƙarshen alif dari tara da takwas 1908.
- ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 143
- ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144
- ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144
- ↑ Toledano, E. R. (2014). The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840–1890. USA: Princeton University Press. p245
- ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144
- ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 94
- ↑ Junne, G. H. (2016). The Black Eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire: Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing.p107
- ↑ Somel, S. A. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. USA: Scarecrow Press. p.272