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Karatu da rubutu a Indiya

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Karatu da rubutu a Indiya
Bayanai
Fuskar Ilimin karatu
Ƙasa Indiya

Karatu da rubutu a Indiya mabuɗin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ne.[1] Ƙididdigar 2011, ta nuna ci gaban karatu da rubutu na 2001-2011 na 9.2%, wanda yake da jinkiri fiye da ci gaban da aka gani a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A halin yanzu na ci gaba a cikin 1990, wani binciken ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya kaiwa ga ilimin duniya ta hanyar 2060.

ƙididdigar Indiya ta sanya matsakaicin ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu a matsayin 73% a cikin 2011 yayin da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta bincika ƙwarewar zuwa 80.6% a cikin 2017-18. A halin yanzu, Ofishin Binciken Samfurin Kasa a cikin rahoton PLFS na shekara-shekara na 2023-2024 ya bayyana jimlar karatun Indiya ya zama 80.9%. Yawan karatu da rubutu a cikin birane ya kasance 90%, mafi girma fiye da yankunan karkara tare da 77%. Akwai bambancin jinsi mai yawa a cikin yawan karatu da rubutu a Indiya kuma ingancin karatu da rubutu (shekaru 7 da sama) ya kasance 88% ga maza da 81% ga mata. [2][3] Ƙananan ƙwarewar mata suna da mummunar tasiri a kan shirin iyali da ƙoƙarin daidaita yawan jama'a a Indiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ilimin mata yana da karfi game da amfani da hana daukar ciki tsakanin ma'aurata na Indiya, koda kuwa mata ba su da 'yancin tattalin arziki.[4] Ƙididdigar ta ba da kyakkyawar alama cewa ci gaban ƙimar ƙwarewar mata (11.8%) ya fi sauri fiye da ƙimar ƙididdigar maza (6.9%) a cikin shekaru goma na 2001-2011, wanda ke nufin bambancin jinsi ya bayyana yana raguwa.

Karatun karatu da rubutu ya haɗa da ci gaba da ilmantarwa wanda ke ba mutane damar cimma burinsu, don haɓaka iliminsu da iyawarsu, da kuma shiga cikin al'ummarsu da al'umma. "

Ofishin Jakadancin Kasa ya bayyana karatu da rubutu a matsayin samun ƙwarewar karatu, rubutu da lissafi da kuma ikon amfani da su ga rayuwar mutum ta yau da kullun. Nasarar ilimin aiki yana nuna (i) dogaro da kai a cikin 3 Rs, (ii) wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da hanawa da kuma ikon matsawa zuwa inganta yanayin su ta hanyar shiga cikin tsarin ci gaba, (iii) samun ƙwarewa don inganta matsayin tattalin arziki da jin daɗin gaba ɗaya, da (iv) shan dabi'u kamar haɗin ƙasa, kiyaye muhalli, daidaiton mata, kiyaye ƙananan ka'idodin iyali.

Yawan karatu da rubutu a Indiya

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Ma'anar aiki na karatu da rubutu a cikin ƙididdigar Indiya tun 1991 kamar haka:  

Kwatanta ilimin yanki

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Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yawan manya da matasa na Indiya da wasu ƙasashe makwabta kamar yadda UNESCO ta bi a cikin 2015. Yawan karatun manya ya dogara ne akan rukunin shekaru 15+, yayin da yawan karatun matasa na shekaru 15-24 ne (watau matasa ƙananan ne na manya).

Ƙididdigar ƙididdigar karatu da rubutu ta ƙasar makwabta (2015) [5]
Kasar Yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu Yawan karatun matasa 15-24
China 96.4% 99.7%[5]
Sri Lanka 92.6%[6] 98.8%[7]
Myanmar 93.7% [8] 96.3% [9]
Matsakaicin duniya 86.3%[10] 91.2%
Indiya 74.5% 92%
Nepal 64.7% 86.9%[11]
Bangladesh 61.5% 83.2%[12]
Pakistan 58% 80.3%[13]

Rashin daidaito na karatu da rubutu

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Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙarancin karatu da rubutu shine ganin fa'idar ilimi da rashin makarantu da ke kusa a yankunan karkara. Akwai karancin ɗakunan ajiya don karɓar dukkan ɗalibai a cikin 2006-2007. Bugu da kari, babu tsabtace muhalli a yawancin makarantu. Nazarin makarantun firamare 188 da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a tsakiya da arewacin Indiya ya nuna cewa kashi 59% na makarantun ba su da kayan aikin ruwan sha kuma kashi 89% ba su da bayan gida. A cikin ƙauyuka 600,000 da ƙauyuka masu saurin fadada birane, 'ilimi kyauta da tilas' shine koyarwar karatu da rubutu ta asali da 'malamai' masu horar da su.[14] Matsakaicin malami na ɗalibai ga dukan Indiya shine 42:1, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin malami.[15] Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa ga bambance-bambance na yanki a sakamakon karatu da rubutu.[14] Bugu da ƙari, kuɗin da aka ware don ilimi bai taɓa wuce 4.3% na GDP daga 1951 zuwa 2002 ba duk da burin 6% na Hukumar Kothari.[16] Wannan ya kara rikitar da matsalar karatu da rubutu a Indiya.

Har ila yau, akwai bambance-bambance masu tsanani.[17] Nuna bambanci ga ƙananan kabilu ya haifar da yawan raguwa da ƙarancin shiga. Ƙungiyar Binciken Samfurin Kasa da Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na Iyali na Kasa sun tattara bayanai a Indiya akan yawan yara da suka kammala makarantar firamare waɗanda aka ruwaito su ne kawai 36.8% da 37.7% bi da bi.[18] A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, Firayim Minista na Indiya ya ce ya ji zafi don lura da cewa "kwai yara 47 daga cikin 100 da suka shiga aji na takwas, suna sanya yawan masu barin aji a kashi 52.78. " [17] An kiyasta cewa akalla miliyan 35, kuma mai yiwuwa kusan miliyan 60, yara masu shekaru 6-14 ba su cikin makaranta ba.[19]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Number of literates and Literacy Rate by sex and residence". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  2. ↑ "India: Literacy rate 1981–2018". Statista.
  3. ↑ NSO 2018.
  4. ↑ A. Dharmalingam; S. Philip Morgan (1996). "Women's work, autonomy, and birth control: evidence from two south India villages". Population Studies. 50 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1080/0032472031000149296. JSTOR 2174910.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Country Profiles". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  6. ↑ "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka". 14 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "Country Profile: Sri Lanka". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  8. ↑ UNICEF. "At a glance: Myanmar". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  9. ↑ UNESCO (2015). "Myanmar: Youth literacy rate". Globalis. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  10. ↑ "Adult and Youth Literacy" (PDF). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2025-09-16.
  11. ↑ "Country Profile: India". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  12. ↑ "Country Profile: Bangladesh". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "Country Profile: Pakistan". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Challenges for India's Education System" (PDF). Source: Chatham House. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  15. ↑ "Global campaign for education- more teachers needed". Source: UNICEF India. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  16. ↑ "Primary Education in India: Key Problems" (PDF). Source: Dise. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The Challenges for India's Education System" (PDF). Source: Chatham House. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  18. ↑ "Social Exclusion of Scheduled Caste Children from Primary Education in India" (PDF). Source: UNICEF. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  19. ↑ "Global campaign for education- more teachers needed". Source: UNICEF India. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
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