Karatun karatu da rubutu
| Karatun karatu da rubutu | |
|---|---|
| Asali | |
| Ƙasar asali | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Characteristics | |
Genre (en)  |
non-fiction (en) |
Rubuce-rubuce tare da hali, wanda Patrick J. Finn ya rubuta, yayi ƙoƙari ya sake bayyana karatu da rubutu kamar yadda kalmar ta wanzu a cikin fannin ilimi.[1] A rayuwarsa ta sana'a, Finn ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa Emeritus na Makarantar Ilimi ta Digiri daga Jami'ar Buffalo . Har ila yau, shi kuma yana jagorantar kwamitin Ilimi na Urban ta hanyar Jami'ar Buffalo wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da tallafi ga makarantu da gundumomin makaranta a Buffalo, NY.[2] Littafinsa ya tsara bambance-bambance tsakanin 'koyon' da 'yantar' ilimi, kuma yana ba da shawara kan yadda za a gyara bambancin tsakanin makarantun sama da ƙananan aji. Finn ya yi nuni da nazarin da wasu marubutan da aka buga a fannin ilimi suka gudanar, ciki har da Jean Anyon [1] da James Gee .
Finn ya tsara matakai daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki inda akwai makarantu, kuma ya rarraba ayyukan ilimi da suka zama ruwan dare ga kowannensu. Wadannan nau'ikan makarantu sun hada da manyan jami'ai, masu sana'a masu arziki, masu matsakaicin matsayi, da makarantun ma'aikata. Ana nuna makarantun ajiyar aiki ta hanyar aiki da ake gani a matsayin hanya, tare da jigon da ya fi dacewa a matsayin juriya.[3] Makarantun aji na tsakiya suna da alama ta hanyar aiki kamar samun amsar da ta dace, tare da babban taken yiwuwar.[3] Makarantu masu sana'a masu wadata suna da alamar aiki da ake gudanarwa a matsayin aikin kirkira da ake gudanar da kansa, tare da babban taken mutum tare da karamin taken son kai.[3] Makarantun zartarwa masu daraja suna da babban jigon ƙwarewa.[1][3]
Babi 4-6
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan sashe ya tsara bambancin da ke tsakanin baƙi da 'yan tsiraru marasa son rai. Finn ya gabatar da manufar asalin adawa da John Ogbu ya lura, [1] wanda ya bayyana cewa wasu dalibai, kamar waɗanda suka fito daga asalin ma'aikata, suna ganin al'adunsu suna adawa kai tsaye da abin da ake koyarwa a cikin aji. Finn ya kwatanta cewa ɗalibai da ke da alamun adawa sun sami ƙalubale ga ba da shawara ga kansu don iliminsu fiye da waɗanda ba su da su.[3][3]
Babi na 7-10
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan ɓangaren yana tattauna yanayin da ke tsakanin ɗaliban ɗalibai na ƙasa, na tsakiya, da na sama da kuma hanyoyin da suke amfani da harshe. Sau da yawa ana lura da ɗaliban aji na ƙasa don amfani da harshe mai bayyane, ɗaliban aji da na sama suna amfani da harshen bayyane. Finn ya kuma yi jayayya cewa duk dalibai ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba ya kamata su sami damar samun ilimi mai ƙarfi.[3]
Finn ya tattauna yadda al'umma ta taru don samar da Magana. Dalibai suna samun jawabin su na farko daga iyalansu amma a cikin babbar al'umma ɗalibai za su haɓaka jawabin sakandare. Dalibai da ke da alamun adawa galibi suna da matsala wajen samun maganganun da suka fi dacewa.[3]
A babi na goma, Finn ya gabatar da nau'ikan karatu da rubutu guda huɗu. Akwai aiki, aiki, bayanai, da kuma ilimi mai ƙarfi. Wadannan karatu da rubutu suna cikin al'umma.
Babi na 11-12
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babi na goma sha ɗaya ya sake nazarin tarihin makaranta a Amurka. Bayan sake nazarin farkon tsarin ilimi, Finn ya bayyana cewa Corresponding Societies sun yi tambaya game da iko kuma sun yi amfani da iko don koyo, tattaunawa, kimantawa, kammalawa, tsarawa, da musayar. Wannan ya fi kama da karatu da rubutu "tare da halin" fiye da wani nau'i na karatu da rubutu da aka bayyana a baya a cikin littafin. Babi ya ci gaba ta hanyar wucewa ta tarihin Corresponding Societies har sai an daidaita cewa wannan ya zama ilimi don domestication.
A babi na goma sha biyu, Finn ya tattauna Sabon Littattafai ta hanyar ba da misali na aji da ke amfani da shi. A cikin Sabon Littattafai, sadarwa ba ta da bambanci kuma ana jaddada furci akan daidaito. "Gatekeeping" wani yanayi ne na daidaito wanda sau da yawa ya kauce daga abubuwan da ɗalibin ke ƙoƙarin sadarwa.[3] Finn ya yi jayayya cewa kusanci na Sabon Littattafai na iya taimakawa wannan matsala. Finn ya tattauna hanyoyin da Sabon Littattafai ke da wuyar amfani da su a cikin aji. Kyakkyawan aji don inganta dimokuradiyya zai yi kama da na Sabon Littattafai.[3]
Babi na 13-20
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga surori goma sha uku zuwa ashirin, Finn ya yi iƙirarin bayar da mafita ga matsalolin da ya gabatar a cikin surori na farko na rubutun. Ya kafa yawancin mafita da ya gabatar a kan aikin Paulo Freire.[1] Friere ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano matsaloli kuma a kawar da su ta hanyar gwagwarmaya.[4] Bisa ga wannan, Finn ya ba da shawarar motsawar Frieian a cikin aji, ko ra'ayin malamai suna koyar da ɗalibai su tsaya don kansu.[3] Ya samar da bincike wanda ke tallafawa wannan rubutun, da kuma kungiyoyi masu misali waɗanda suka riga sun yi amfani da wannan nau'in ilimi.[1]
Karɓar baƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Buga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da aka fara buga littafin, malaman ilimi sun sami ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa. Wasu, kamar John M. Watkins, sun lura cewa littafin yana riƙe da manufofi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba. A cikin bincikensa, Watkins ya bayyana cewa karatu da rubutu tare da halin "mai sha'awa" ne kuma "mai gaggawa".[5] Ya ce Finn bai gabatar da kansa a nesa da batun ba. Maimakon haka, Watkins ya bayyana cewa ya kamata wadanda suka damu game da gazawar makarantu su karanta wannan littafin a kokarin su na "Ilimi dukkan 'yan kasarmu cikin magana mai karfi ta dimokuradiyya". Koyaya, Watkins ya yi imanin cewa ba za mu iya amfani da shawarar Finn ba. Ya bayyana cewa bai yi imani da cewa muna da nufin ba kuma ba za mu iya "taimaka wa yara masu aiki su ci gaba da karatu da rubutu ba".[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Watkins, John M. (September 2000). "Inquiry and Learning for Change" (PDF). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Patrick Finn | UB Graduate School of Education". gse.buffalo.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ "Paulo Freire". Freire Institute University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Watkins, John M. (September 2000). "Inquiry and Learning for Change" (PDF).