Karfen wukar Tutankhamun's meteoric
 Karfen wukar Tutankhamun's meteoric | |
|---|---|
dagger (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Farawa | 14 century "BCE" |
| Mamallaki |
kaka (mul) |
| Kayan haɗi |
meteoric iron (en) |
| Collection (en) |
Egyptian Museum (en) |
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Howard Carter (mul) |
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 1925 |
Karfen wukar Tutankhamun's meteoric wanda kuma aka sani da Tutankhamun's baƙin ƙarfe da kuma King Tut's, wuƙa ce mai baƙin ƙarfe daga kabarin Fir'auna Tutankhamun na d ¯ a Masar (wanda ya yi sarauta c. 1334-1325 BC). Kamar yadda abun da ke tattare da ruwan wukake da kamanni suka yi daidai da tsarin meteorite da kamanni, an ƙaddara abin da ruwan wukake ya samo asali ta hanyar saukowa meteoritic. A halin yanzu ana baje kolin wukar a gidan tarihin Masar da ke birnin Alkahira.
Nazari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga shekarun 1960, an karɓi babban abun ciki na nickel a cikin ruwan a matsayin mai nuni ga asalin meteoric.[1] Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga a watan Yunin 2016 wanda aka samo daga binciken bincike na x-ray fluorescence spectrometer ya nuna cewa abun da ke cikin ruwa ya fi yawa baƙin ƙarfe (Fe) da 11% nickel (Ni) da 0.6% cobalt (Co). Wannan yana nufin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi an sanya shi a cikin tsakiyar rukuni na 76 da aka gano baƙin ƙarfe meteorites a baya.
Abubuwan da ke cikin nickel a cikin babban ƙarfe na yawancin meteorites na baƙin ƙarfe sun bambanta daga 5% zuwa 35%, yayin da bai wuce 4% ba a cikin kayan tarihin ƙarfe na tarihi daga ma'adinan ƙasa da aka samar kafin karni na 19.[1]
Bugu da ƙari, nickel zuwa cobalt rabo na wannan ruwa yana kama da na ƙarfe meteorite kayan.
A lokacin mutuwar sarki Tutankhamun a kusan shekara ta 1323 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (Age), narke baƙin ƙarfe da kera ba safai ba ne. An yi amfani da abubuwan baƙin ƙarfe don fasaha kawai, kayan ado, al'ada, bayar da kyauta da dalilai na biki har ma da launi. Don haka, ƙarfe a wannan zamani ya fi zinariya daraja ko daraja. An ba da kayan aikin ƙarfe a matsayin kyauta na sarauta a lokacin kai tsaye gabanin mulkin Tutankhamun (watau lokacin mulkin Amenhotep III).[2][3]
Matsalolin Malamai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙayyade faruwar baƙin ƙarfe a tsawon daɗaɗɗen da suka gabata—kamar samu, narkewa, da shigar da wayewa daban-daban—ya daɗe da zama batu na nazari da tattaunawa. Tun daga ƙarshen zamanin Neolithic zuwa Zamanin Bronze, tsoffin al'adun Gabashin Bahar Rum sun yi amfani da ƙarfe sau da yawa. Kasancewar abubuwa na baƙin ƙarfe da aka narke a wannan lokacin an nuna ba su da yawa ko kuma ba kasafai ba, kuma an yi imanin cewa an samar da su daga ma'adinan da aka samu a cikin meteorites. Koyaya, hanyoyin aikin ƙarfe da amfani da ƙarfe, da tarwatsewa da yaɗuwar sa a cikin al'ummomin zamanin da, batutuwa ne masu tada hankali a tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya saboda gibin ilimi da bayanai. Waɗannan muhawarar sun haɗa da tushen meteoritic da ake tsammani a matsayin kayan da aka yi da wuƙar baƙin ƙarfe.
Bugu da ƙari, koyaushe yana da wahala a sami izini don gwada tsoffin kayan tarihi na Masar, gami da gwajin ɓarna na ƙananan samfurori da gwaji marasa lalacewa.[4]
Ana buƙatar ci gaba a cikin fasahar da aka yi amfani da su don zurfafa nazarin kayan tarihi, wanda ya faru a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Don haka, a cikin "shekaru 20 da suka gabata, babban ci gaba a fasahar gano abubuwan gano jihohi ya ba da damar sabbin aikace-aikacen nazari". Sabili da haka, yanayin na'urar sinadarai na X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, hanyar gwajin da ba ta lalacewa, a yanzu yawanci tana nuna ingantattun ƙarfin rushewa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin daidaitaccen daidaita sinadarai na kayan tarihi da aka yi niyya cikin bayanai waɗanda ke bayyana abubuwan da suka ƙunshi. Musamman na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan sanannen binciken yanzu masu ɗaukar hoto ne da hannu.
Bayanan tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babu wata shaida ta binciken kayan tarihi ta Masar da ta wanzu na narkewar ƙarfe har zuwa karni na 6 BC. Misalin farko da aka sani na amfani da ƙarfe na ƙarfe a Masar ya kasance kusan 3400 BC. Wannan ya yi daidai da zamanin da aka yi kafin Masar ta zama kasa guda da Fir'auna ke mulki.[5]
Ƙarfe beads
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bindige ƙullun ƙarfe da wasu duwatsu masu daraja a kan kugu da wuyan wani mutum da aka yi wa kabari a wani wurin kabari a makabartar Gerzeh, mai tazarar kilomita 70 (mil 43) kudu da Alkahira ta zamani. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gano beads a cikin 1911, binciken kimiyya ya nuna beads ɗin suna da wadatar nickel. Kamar yadda duk ƙarfen meteorite ke da wadatar nickel wannan yana nuna asalin meteoritic. Koyaya, a cikin 1980s akwai shakku mai ƙarfi bayan shawarwari daga masanan archaeo-metallurgists cewa an samar da wasu misalan farko na baƙin ƙarfe na nickel ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfe na nickel na ƙasa. Don tabbatar da yanayin meteorite an buƙaci ƙarin ingantaccen bincike.
A cikin 2013, an ɗauki hoto guda ɗaya daga gidan kayan tarihi na Manchester (Birtaniya), wanda aka yi masa na'urar duba microscope don bayyana ƙananan ƙirar dutsen da kuma sinadarai. Hakanan an gudanar da gwajin CT (ko nau'in x-ray) na dutsen dutsen. Sakamakon ya nuna ƙananan ƙirar beads da abun da ke ciki sun yi daidai da na meteorite na ƙarfe wanda aka yi aiki a cikin ƙaramin takarda na bakin ciki kuma an lanƙwasa a cikin katako mai siffar bututu. Don haka, "a karon farko ta yin amfani da masu binciken fasahar zamani sun rubuta tabbataccen hujja da ke nuna cewa farkon sanin amfani da baƙin ƙarfe da Masarawa suka yi ya fito ne daga meteorite."[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ omelli, Daniela; d'Orazio, Massimo; Folco, Luigi; El-Halwagy, Mahmud; Frizzi, Tommaso; Alberti, Roberto; Capogrosso, Valentina; Elnaggar, Abdelrazek; Hassan, Hala; Nevin, Austin; Porcelli, Franco; Rashed, Mohamed G.; Valentini, Gianluca (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (7): 1301. Bibcode:2016M&PS...51.1301C. doi:10.1111/maps.12664. hdl:11568/794614.
- ↑ Johnson, Diane (3 June 2016). "Why did Tutankhamun have a dagger made from a meteorite?". International Business Times. UK: IBTimes Co., Ltd. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ↑ Bjorkman, J.K. (1973). Meteors and Meteorites in the Ancient Near East.
- ↑ Walsh, Declan (2 June 2016). "King Tut's Dagger Made of 'Iron From the Sky', Researchers Say". The New York Times. NYC. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ... the blade's composition of iron, nickel and cobalt was an approximate match for a meteorite that landed in northern Egypt. The result 'strongly suggests an extraterrestrial origin
- 1 2 Some content in the Historical Background section (of this article) is copied from a Dr. Diane Johnson article, professor and researcher from The Open University, with permission based on a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 licesnse. Attribution is as follows: Johnson, Diane (6 August 2015). "Iron from the sky: Meteors, meteorites and ancient culture". Open Learn. The Open University. Retrieved 5 June 2016