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Kariyar Faransa a Maroko

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Kariyar Faransa a Maroko
الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب (ar)
Flag of Morocco (en)
Flag of Morocco (en) Fassara
TakeLa Marseillaise (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 32°N 6°W / 32°N 6°W / 32; -6
Babban birniRabat
Yawan mutane
Harshen gwamnatiLarabci na Maroko
AddiniMusulunci
Bayanan tarihi
MabiyiSharifian Empire (en) Fassara da Alawi Sultanate (en) Fassara
Ƙirƙira30 ga Maris, 1912
Rushewa2 ga Maris, 1956
Ta biyo bayaMaroko
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnatiprotectorate (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
KuɗiMorocco Franc

Kariyar Faransa a Maroko,[1] wanda aka fi sani da French Maroko,[2] shine lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Marokkó wanda ya kasance daga shekarun 1912 zuwa 1956.[3] An kafa mulkin ne a hukumance a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1912, lokacin da Sultan Abd al-Hafid ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fez,[4] kodayake mamayar sojojin Faransa a Maroko ta fara ne da mamayewar Oujda da bombardment na Casablanca a shekarar 1907.[4]

Kariyar Faransa ta ci gaba har zuwa rugujewar yarjejeniyar Fez a ranar 2 ga watan Maris 1956, tare da Sanarwar Haɗin Kan Franco-Morocca.[5] Ƙungiya ta 'yancin kai na Maroko, wanda aka kwatanta a tarihin Moroccan a matsayin juyin juya halin Sarki da Jama'a, ya mayar da Mohammed V da ya yi gudun hijira amma bai kawo ƙarshen kasancewar Faransa a Maroko ba. Faransa ta kiyaye tasirinta a cikin ƙasar, ciki har da 'yancin kafa sojojin Faransa da kuma samun damar yin magana a kan manufofin ketare na Maroko. Faransawa mazauna kuma sun kiyaye haƙƙinsu da dukiyoyinsu.[6]

Yayin da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla da Faransa sun tanadi hulɗar ƙasashen waje masu dogaro da kai, dangantakar Franco da Morocco ta ƙara taɓarɓarewa cikin sauri bayan da Mohammed V ya nuna goyon baya ga neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya ciki har da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.[7] Yawan mazauna Faransa ya ragu akai-akai,[8] musamman ma bayan da aka mayar da hannun jarin su na noma.[9] Dangantaka da Faransa za ta inganta da zarar sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe sun bar Maroko a cikin watan Nuwamba 1961.[10]

Kariyar Faransa ta kasance tare da kariyar Spaniya, wanda aka kafa kuma aka narkar da shi a cikin shekaru guda; iyakokinta sun ƙunshi yankin Maroko tsakanin Corridor na Taza da kogin Draa, ciki har da filayen ƙabilu.[11] Babban birnin hukuma shi ne Rabat.

Gabatarwa

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Maghreb a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19

Duk da raunin ikonta, daular Alawi ta bambanta kanta a ƙarni na sha takwas da na sha tara ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Maroko yayin da sauran jihohin yankin suka miƙa wuya ga mamayar Faransa ko Ingila. Sai dai kuma, a kashi na biyu na ƙarni na sha tara, raunin Maroko da rashin zaman lafiya ya gayyaci turawa shiga tsakani don kare barazanar zuba jari da neman rangwamen tattalin arziki. Bayan Yaƙin Hispano-Morocca na shekarar 1859-1860, Spain ta sami amincewar Maroko game da ikonta na dindindin akan Ceuta, Melilla da tsibiran Chafarinas da kuma yankin Ifni. Shekarun farko na ƙarni na 20, an yi gaggawar gudanar da harkokin diflomasiyya, inda ƙasashen Turai musamman Faransa, suka cimma muradunsu a arewacin Afirka.[12]

Ayyukan Faransa a Maroko sun fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara. A cikin shekarar 1904, gwamnatin Faransa tana ƙoƙarin kafa wata ƙasa mai kariya a kan Maroko kuma ta sami nasarar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin sirri guda biyu tare da Biritaniya (8 Afrilu 1904, duba Entente cordiale) da Spain (7 Oktoba 1904), wanda ya ba da tabbacin goyon bayan masu iko a cikin wannan ƙoƙarin. A wannan shekarar, Faransa ta ɗauki nauyin kafa Hukumar Kula da Bashi ta Morocco a Tangier. Faransa da Spain sun raba yankin masarautar a asirce, inda Spain ta samu rangwame a arewaci da kudancin ƙasar.[13]

Rikicin Morocco na Farko: Maris 1905 - Mayu 1906

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Rikicin Moroccan na farko ya faru ne sakamakon adawar daular mulkin mallaka na manyan ƙasashe, a wannan yanayin, tsakanin Jamus a gefe guda da Faransa, tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya, a ɗaya ɓangaren. Jamus ta ɗauki matakin diflomasiyya cikin gaggawa don hana sabuwar yarjejeniyar fara aiki, ciki har da ziyarar ban mamaki da Wilhelm na biyu ya kai Tangier a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm ya yi kokarin samun goyon bayan Maroko idan sun je yaki da Faransa ko Biritaniya, kuma ya yi jawabi mai nuna goyon baya ga samun 'yancin kai na Moroko, wanda ya zama kalubale mai tsokana ga tasirin Faransa a Maroko.[14]

A cikin shekarar 1906, an gudanar da taron Algeciras don warware takaddama. Jamus ta amince da wata yarjejeniya inda Faransa ta amince ta ba da ikon mallakar 'yan sandan Morocco, amma in ba haka ba ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin siyasa da kuɗi na Moroko. Ko da yake taron Algeciras na ɗan lokaci ya warware Rikicin Morocco na Farko, amma ya ƙara dagula tashe-tashen hankula na duniya tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Triple Alliance da Triple Entente.[15]

Mamayewar Faransa

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Kisan Emile Mauchamp a Marrakesh, Faransa ta ɗauki casus belli
1909 Maroko lambar yabo ta tunawa - rarraba ga sojojin Faransa waɗanda suka shiga cikin mamayewar Faransa na Maroko.

An fara mamayar sojojin Faransa a Maroko ne bayan kisan Emile Mauchamp a Marrakesh a ranar 19 ga watan Maris 1907.[16] A cikin jaridun Faransa, an kwatanta mutuwarsa a matsayin "harin da ba za a iya ƙarewa ba daga 'yan asalin ƙasar Maroko."[17] Hubert Lyautey ya kama mutuwarsa a matsayin hujja don mamaye Oujda daga gabas. [17]

Jirgin ruwa na Faransa Gloire a cikin Bombardment na Casablanca Agusta 1907, an buga shi akan katin waya.

A lokacin rani na 1907, ƙabilun Chaouia sun jagoranci tawaye ga aiwatar da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar 1906 na Algeciras a Casablanca, inda suka kashe ma'aikatan Turai tara da ke aiki a layin dogo tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa da wani dutse a Roches Noires.[18] Faransa ta mayar da martani da wani harin bam na ruwa na Casablanca daga ranakun 5-7 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta ci gaba da mamaye Casablanca da filin Chaouia, wanda ke nuna farkon mamayewar Faransa daga yamma.[19] [20]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "National Holidays & Religious Holidays". Maroc.ma. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  2. ↑ Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838 Archived 1 ga Maris, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521810708 – via Google Books.
  4. 1 2 Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
  5. ↑ "Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP". mjp.univ-perp.fr. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  6. ↑ Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067.
  7. ↑ Mounya Essemlali, Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962), , Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).
  8. ↑ From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)
  9. ↑ Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.
  10. ↑ Amina Aouchard, Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance, Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.
  11. ↑ Nelson, Harold (1985). Morocco, a Country Study (in English). Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ↑ Furlong, Charles Wellington (September 1911). "The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXII: 14988–14999. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  13. ↑ Laskier, Michael M. (1 February 2012). Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, The (in Turanci). SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781438410166.
  14. ↑ Lowe, John (1994). The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925 (in Turanci). Psychology Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780415104449.
  15. ↑ Olson, James Stuart (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism (in Turanci). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 9780313262579.
  16. ↑ Katz, Jonathan (January 2001). "The 1907 Mauchamp affair and the French civilising mission in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies (in Turanci). 6 (1): 143–166. doi:10.1080/13629380108718426. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 143563901.
  17. 1 2 Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840.
  18. ↑ Adam, André (1968). Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914. Aix-en-Provence: Ophrys.
  19. ↑ Adam, André (1969). "Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 6 (1): 9–21. doi:10.3406/remmm.1969.1002.
  20. ↑ texte, Parti social français Auteur du (6 August 1907). "Le Petit journal". Gallica (in Turanci). Retrieved 19 July 2019.
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