Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Kirchdorf (en) , 28 ga Augusta, 1825
ƙasa	Kingdom of Hanover (en)
Mazauni	Aurich (en) Göttingen
Mutuwa	L'Aquila (en) , 14 ga Yuli, 1895
Karatu
Makaranta	Jami'ar Göttingen Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (mul)
Harsuna	Harshen Latin Jamusanci Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	masana, marubuci da ɗan jarida
Muhimman ayyuka	Q19226876
Sunan mahaifi	Numa Numantius da Carlo Arrigo

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1825 - 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1895) lauya ne na Jamus, lauya, ɗan jarida, kuma marubuci. A yau an dauke shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa na ilimin jima'i da kuma Yunkurin kare hakkin ɗan luwaɗi na zamani. An bayyana Ulrichs a matsayin "mutumin gay na farko a tarihin duniya".

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Ulrichs a ƙauyen Westerfeld na Gabashin Frisia, wanda aka kafa a yau a cikin Aurich, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Masarautar Hanover . Mahaifinsa masanin gine-gine ne wanda ya mutu lokacin da Ulrichs ke da shekaru goma kawai. Bayan haka, dangin mahaifiyarsa na fastocin Lutheran ne suka haife shi a Burgdorf. Ulrichs ya tuna cewa tun yana saurayi ya ji ya bambanta da sauran yara maza kuma launuka masu haske na kayan soja da tufafin mata sun janyo hankalinsa. A shekara ta 1839, yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya sami jima'i na farko tare da malaminsa na hawa. Ya kammala karatu a fannin shari'a da tauhidi daga Jami'ar Göttingen a 1846. Daga 1846 zuwa 1848, ya yi karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm da ke Berlin, yana rubuta rubutun a cikin Latin akan Zaman Lafiya na Westphalia .

Daga 1849 zuwa 1854, Ulrichs ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya don aikin gwamnati a Masarautar Hannover . Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan gudanarwa a wurare daban-daban amma bai ji daɗin aikin ba ko ya bunƙasa. Ya koma tsarin kotun a 1853 kuma ya shiga benci a matsayin mataimakin alƙali a kotun gundumar Hildesheim . Ya yi murabus a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1854 maimakon a kore shi idan aka yi ƙoƙari na zamba kuma jima'i ya zama sananne.

Mai fafutukar sake fasalin jima'i

Aphrodite Urania, allahiya daga sunanta Ulrichs ya samo kalmar Urning ga masu luwadi

A shekara ta 1862, Ulrichs ya ɗauki mataki mai mahimmanci na gaya wa iyalinsa da abokansa cewa shi, a cikin nasa kalmomin, Urning ne, kuma ya fara rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan "Numa Numantius". Littattafansa guda biyar na farko, wanda aka tattara a matsayin Forschungen über das Rätsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (Bincike kan Riddle of Male-Male Love), ya bayyana irin wannan soyayya kamar ta halitta da ta halitta, wanda aka taƙaita tare da kalmar Latin anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa (wani tunanin mace da aka tsare a jikin namiji). A cikin waɗannan rubutun, Ulrichs ya kirkiro kalmomi daban-daban don bayyana halaye daban-daban na jima'i, gami da Urning for a man who desires men (English "Uranian"), da Dioning for one who desires women. Wadannan kalmomi suna nufin wani sashi na Plato's Symposium inda aka tattauna nau'ikan soyayya guda biyu, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar Aphrodite wanda aka haifa daga namiji (Uranus), da Aphrodites wanda aka haife shi daga mace (Dione). Ulrichs ya kuma kirkiro kalmomi ga takwarorinsu mata (Urningin da Dioningin), da kuma ga masu jima'i da masu jima'a.

Fitowa ta farko kuma kawai ta Uranus (Janairu 1870), wanda Ulrichs ya nufa a matsayin na yau da kullun, tana ɗauke da taken kansa: Prometheus

A cikin shekarun 1860, Ulrichs ya yi tafiya a kusa da Jamus, koyaushe yana rubutu da bugawa, kuma koyaushe yana cikin matsala tare da doka - kodayake koyaushe don maganarsa maimakon laifukan jima'i. A shekara ta 1864, 'yan sanda a Saxony sun kwace littattafansa kuma sun hana su. Daga baya wannan abu ya faru a Berlin, kuma an dakatar da ayyukansa a duk faɗin Prussia. Yawancin ayyukan Ulrichs mafi muhimmanci sun dawo cikin bugawa, a cikin Jamusanci da fassara.

Ulrichs dan kasar Hanover ne, kuma lokacin da Prussia ta mamaye Hanover a 1866 an ɗaure shi a takaice saboda adawa da mulkin Prussian kuma an kwace dukkan takardunsa. Daga baya aka gano wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardun a cikin tarihin jihar Prussian kuma an buga su a shekara ta 2004. Bayan an sake shi, an tilasta masa gudun hijira kuma ya bar Hanover har abada kuma ya koma Würzburg a Bavaria. Daga can, ya halarci Kungiyar Masu Shari'a ta Jamus a Munich inda yake so ya yi magana game da bukatar sake fasalin dokokin Jamus game da luwadi. Kwamitin shugabanci ya haramta motarsa, don haka ya yi amfani da damar a ranar ƙarshe ta taron don nuna rashin amincewa da fitar da shi. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1867, Ulrichs ya zama ɗan luwaɗi na farko da ya yi magana a fili don kare luwadi kuma kodayake an yi masa ihu ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin masu sauraro sun motsa su don tallafawa kiran sa. Ulrichs ya buga labarinsa game da abubuwan da suka faru a Munich a matsayin Gladius Furens, wanda ya buga a ƙarƙashin sunansa kuma ya rarraba ga duk lauyoyin da suka halarci taron. A cikin wannan takarda ya rubuta:

Har zuwa ranar da na mutu zan dubi baya da alfahari cewa na sami ƙarfin hali na fuska da fuska a yaƙi da fatalwa wanda tun da daɗewa ke yin allurar guba a cikin ni da kuma cikin mutane na dabi'ata. Mutane da yawa sun kashe kansu saboda duk farin cikin su a rayuwa ya lalace. Lalle ne, ina alfahari da cewa na sami ƙarfin hali na yi wa hydra na raini na jama'a rauni na farko.

Bayan haka, ya fara buga litattafan da ya yi a ƙarƙashin sunansa a matsayin mai neman gafara ga dalilin. Wannan ya sa Ulrichs ya bambanta da kowane marubuci a kan batun a wannan lokacin kuma na ɗan lokaci bayan haka. A cikin 1868, marubucin Austrian Karl-Maria Kertbeny ya kirkiro kalmar "ɗan luwaɗi" a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Ulrichs, kuma daga shekarun 1870 an fara tattauna batun Jima'i (a cikin kalmomi na zamani).

Daga baya ya koma Stuttgart, inda ya shuka magunguna don samun kudin shiga amma ya shirya tattaunawa ta mako-mako a gidan cin abinci a Gymnasiumstrasse tare da wasu masu fafutuka.

A shekara ta 1879, Ulrichs ya buga takarda ta goma sha biyu kuma ta ƙarshe a cikin jerin sa game da ƙaunar mutum, Critische Pfeile . Da yake ya yi imanin cewa ya yi duk abin da zai iya a Jamus, sai ya tafi gudun hijira a Italiya jim kadan bayan haka. Shekaru da yawa ya yi tafiya a fadin kasar kafin ya zauna a L'Aquila .

Kabarin Ulrichs a Italiya

Ya ci gaba da rubutawa da yawa kuma ya buga ayyukansa (a cikin Jamusanci da Latin) a kan kuɗin kansa, musamman jaridar Latin Alaudae, wacce ke da masu karatu da yawa. A shekara ta 1895, ya sami difloma na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Naples . Ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu a L'Aquila . An yi alama a kabarinsa (a cikin Latin), "Fitarwa da Talakawa. "Abokinsa kuma mai ba da gudummawa Marquis Niccolò Persichetti, ya ba da yabo a jana'izarsa. A ƙarshen jawabinsa, ya ce:

But with your loss, o Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, the fame of your works and your virtue will not likewise disappear... but rather, as long as intelligence, virtue, learning, insight, poetry and science are cultivated on this earth and survive the weakness of our bodies, as long as the noble prominence of genius and knowledge are rewarded, we and those who come after us will shed tears and scatter flowers on your venerated grave.

Kyauta

Ulrichs ya rarraba litattafansa a ko'ina a cikin dabarun litattafai ga lauyoyi da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na zamaninsa. Karl Westphal, ya nakalto rubuce-rubucen Ulrichs a cikin takarda ta farko ta ilimin halayyar dan adam game da 'jinin jima'i' kuma ya fi amfani da tsarin ka'idar Ulrichs. Ulrichs ya kuma yi rubutu na shekaru da yawa tare da likitan kwakwalwa, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, wanda daga baya ya yarda a cikin wasika zuwa ga Ulrichs cewa:

Daga wannan rana lokacin da ka aika rubuce-rubucenku - Na yi imanin cewa a 1866 ne - Na mayar da hankalina ga wannan sabon abu, wanda ya kasance mai ban mamaki kamar yadda yake da ban sha'awa a gare ni; kuma ilimin littattafanku ne kawai ya motsa ni in yi nazarin wannan yanki mai mahimmanci.

Krafft-Ebing ya ci gaba da buga Psychopathia Sexualis, mai yiwuwa rubutun tushe a cikin ilimin jima'i. Babban tasirin Ulrichs a fannoni masu tasowa na kimiyyar jima'i ba shine kawai abin da ya gada ba. Lokacin da ya fara buga litattafansa, ya karɓi daruruwan wasiƙu daga maza masu jan hankali na jinsi ɗaya, waɗanda suka fara kiran kansu 'urnings'. Don haka tabbas mafi girman abin da Ulrichs ya gada shi ne yaduwar asalin jima'i.

An manta da shi shekaru da yawa, Ulrichs daga baya ya zama wani abu na addini a Turai a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Akwai tituna da aka sanya masa suna a Munich, Bremen, Hanover, da Berlin. Ana yin bikin ranar haihuwarsa a kowace shekara ta hanyar biki na titi da karatun waka a Karl-Heinrich-Ulrichs-Platz a Munich. Birnin L'Aquila ya dawo da kabarinsa kuma yana karbar bakuncin aikin hajji na shekara-shekara zuwa makabartar. Daga baya masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi sun san bashin da suke da shi ga Ulrichs. Magnus Hirschfeld ya yi nuni sosai ga Ulrichs a cikin littafinsa The Homosexuality of Men and Women (1914). Volkmar Sigusch ya kira Ulrichs "mutumin gay na farko a tarihin duniya".

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Ulrichs, Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya da Gay ta gabatar da Kyautar Karl Heinrich Ulrichs don gudummawa mai ban sha'awa ga ci gaban daidaiton jima'i.

A cikin wata hira, Robert Beachy ya ce "Ina tsammanin yana da ma'ana a bayyana [Ulrichs] a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi na farko da ya fito a fili".

Marubucin Latin

A lokacin da ya zauna a Italiya, ya ba da kansa, tsakanin 1889 da 1895, ga amfani da Latin na duniya tare da buga jaridar Latin Alaudae, wanda aka yada ko'ina kuma ya san yawancin mawaƙa na Latin na Turai na lokacinsa. Wannan bita ya sami ɗaki, a cikin Vox Urbis: de litteris et bonis artibus commentarius wanda masanin gine-gine da injiniya Aristide Leonori suka buga sau biyu a kowane wata tsakanin 1898 da 1913.

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