Karuwanci da aka tilasta
 Karuwanci da aka tilasta | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Karuwanci, Bautar Jima'i da offense against sexual self-determination (en)  |
| Babban tsarin rubutu |
Strafgesetzbuch (en) |
karuwanci da aka tilasta, wanda aka fi sani da karuwanci ba tare da son rai ba ko karuwanci na tilas, karuwanci ne ko bautar jima'i wanda ke faruwa ne sakamakon tilasta wa wani ɓangare na uku. Kalmomin "karuwanci da aka tilasta" ko "karuwancin da aka tilas" sun bayyana a cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa da na jin kai, kamar Dokar Roma ta Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, amma an yi amfani da su ba tare da daidaituwa ba. "Karuwanci da aka tilasta" yana nufin yanayin iko akan mutumin da wani ya tilasta masa ya shiga cikin jima'i.[1]
Yanayin Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karuwanci da aka tilasta ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a karkashin dokar al'ada a duk ƙasashe. Wannan ya bambanta da karuwanci na son rai wanda zai iya samun matsayi na doka daban-daban a kasashe daban-daban, wanda ya kasance daga kasancewa cikakke ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ana hukunta shi da mutuwa zuwa kasancewa doka da kuma tsara shi azaman sana'a.[2]
Duk da yake halattacciyar karuwanci ta manya ta bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce, karuwancin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kusan ko'ina a duniya.
A shekara ta 1949, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da Yarjejeniyar don Cire Traffic in Persons da kuma Amfani da Karuwanci na Sauran. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta maye gurbin tarurruka da yawa da suka gabata waɗanda suka rufe wasu fannoni na tilasta karuwanci, kuma suna hulɗa da wasu fannoni da karuwanci. Yana hukunta sayarwa da yaudarar karuwanci da kuma kula da gidajen karuwai. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, kasashe 82 ne kawai suka tabbatar da taron.[3] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka sa kasashe da yawa ba su tabbatar da shi ba shine saboda kalmar doka 'daidaitawa' an bayyana ta sosai a ƙasashe masu masana'antar jima'i ta doka.[4] Misali, a cikin ƙasashe kamar Jamus, Netherlands, [5] New Zealand, Girka [6] da Turkiyya wasu nau'ikan karuwanci da karuwanci doka ne kuma ana tsara su azaman sana'o'i.
Idan mai sayarwa ya tilasta wa kowa ya shiga karuwanci a fadin layin jihohi, ana iya tuhumar su a karkashin Dokar Mann da Dokar Tafiya.
Karuwanci na yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ɗaukar karuwancin yara a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba kuma yana cin zarafi, yayin da yara, saboda shekarunsu, ba su da ikon yarda bisa doka. A mafi yawan ƙasashe karuwancin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ba tare da la'akari da cewa yaron ya kai ƙaramin shekarun yarda.
Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun jihohi zuwa Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara don hana karuwancin yara. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana yaro a matsayin kowane ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, "sai dai idan dokar ƙasa ta amince da shekarun mafi girma". Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2002, [7] kuma tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, jihohi 166 suna cikin yarjejeniyar kuma wasu jihohi 10 sun sanya hannu amma ba su tabbatar da ita ba.[7]
Yarjejeniyar Mafi Girma ta Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Kayan Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta ba da cewa amfani, sayen ko miƙa taron don karuwanci yana ɗaya daga cikin Mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara. Wannan yarjejeniyar, wadda aka karɓa a 1999, ta ba da cewa ƙasashen da suka tabbatar da shi dole ne su kawar da aikin cikin gaggawa. Yana jin daɗin saurin tabbatarwa a tarihin ILO tun 1919.
A Amurka, Dokar Kula da Cin Hanci da Tsaro ta 2000 ta rarraba duk wani "aikin jima'i na kasuwanci [wanda] ya haifar da karfi, zamba, ko tilastawa, ko kuma wanda mutumin da aka sa ya yi irin wannan aikin bai kai shekaru 18 ba" don zama "Tsarin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane".[8]
A cikin ƙasashe masu talauci, karuwancin yara ya kasance babban matsala; masu yawon bude ido daga Yammacin duniya suna tafiya zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe don shiga Yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara. Thailand, Kambodiya, Indiya, Brazil da Mexico an gano su a matsayin manyan wuraren cin zarafin yara.[9]
Halin ko karuwanci zai iya zama na son rai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Game da karuwanci, akwai ra'ayoyi uku na duniya: abolitionism (inda ake ɗaukar karuwa a matsayin wanda aka azabtar), tsari (inda ake ganin karuwa a cikin ma'aikaci) da kuma haramtacciyar doka (inda ake daukar karuwa a ƙarƙashin laifi). A halin yanzu duk waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna wakiltar wasu ƙasashen Yamma.
Ga masu goyon bayan ra'ayi na abolitionist, karuwanci koyaushe aiki ne na tilastawa, kuma ana gan'Yan karuwanci a matsayin wanda aka azabtar. Suna jayayya cewa yawancin masu karuwanci ana tilasta su cikin aikin, ko dai kai tsaye, ta hanyar masu karuwancin kaya da masu fataucin mutane, ta hanyar talauci, jaraba da miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauran matsalolin mutum, ko kuma, kamar yadda aka yi jayayya a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ta hanyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Andrea Dworkin, Melissa Farley da Catharine MacKinnon, kawai ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewar shugabanci da alaƙar iko tsakanin maza da mata.[10] William D. Angel ya gano cewa "mafi yawan" karuwai an tilasta su shiga cikin sana'a ta hanyar talauci, rashin ilimi da rashin damar aiki. Kathleen Barry ta yi jayayya cewa, "ya kamata a sami bambanci tsakanin "kyauta" da "tilasta", "da son rai" da "ba da son rai" karuwanci, tunda kowane nau'in karuwanci keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ne, ƙyamar mace wacce ba za a iya la'akari da aiki mai daraja ba". Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Faransa ta yi jayayya cewa: "Ma'anar "zaɓin 'yanci' na karuwanci tabbas dangi ne, a cikin al'umma inda aka kafa rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi".[11] Masu goyon bayan ra'ayi na abolitionist suna riƙe da cewa karuwanci aiki ne wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tunani, motsin rai da jiki na matan da ke ciki, kuma, saboda haka, ya kamata a soke shi. A sakamakon irin wannan ra'ayi game da karuwanci, Sweden, Norway da Iceland sun kafa dokoki waɗanda ke aikata laifuka ga abokan cinikin karuwanci da kansu, amma ba karuwanci ba.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Katyal, Neal Kumar (1993). "Men Who Own Women: A Thirteenth Amendment Critique of Forced Prostitution". The Yale Law Journal. 103 (3): 791–826. doi:10.2307/797084. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 797084.
- ↑ "Iran - Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution". Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ↑ "UNTC". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBantekas 2003 6 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedeconomist-prostitution2004 - ↑ "Greece". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography". United Nations Treaty Collection. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ↑ "Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000". US State Department. 28 October 2000. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ↑ Emilio Godoy (13 August 2007). "RIGHTS-MEXICO: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation". IPS. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012.
- ↑ "Prostitution and Male Supremacy". 1993.
- ↑ "Prostitution: les Verts opposés à la réouverture des maisons closes". Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2015.